Ice Age Farmer Wiki - User contributions [en]

Morse code

2018-12-04T02:45:19Z

ZeroDivide32:

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Morse code

2018-12-04T02:44:58Z

ZeroDivide32: /* Morse Code */

[File:HWqygO6.jpg]

File:HWqygO6.jpg

2018-12-04T02:44:29Z

ZeroDivide32:

Morse code

2018-12-04T02:38:23Z

ZeroDivide32: Init morse code quick ref

===Morse Code===

Main Page

2018-05-20T17:58:33Z

ZeroDivide32: /* terrible attempt at restoring main page/preserving temp main page */

Welcome to the Ice Age Farmer wiki!

The purpose of this wiki is to act as a shared resource for our community as we map a path forward to prosperity, build resilient, self-sufficient communities, and share knowledge in the [[Grand Solar Minimum]].

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=== Where to Start ===

Some ideas:

* [[Christian's List]]

* [[Vegetables]], [[Fruit]], or [[Icelandic Chickens]]
* [[Strategic Relocation: Maps]] -- different looks at geography
* [[History]] -- learn [[Grand Solar Minimum Symptoms|effects]] of previous Grand Solar Minima

=== Contribute ===

See [[Help]] for many ways you can help all of us better prepare for the times ahead!

To add to this wiki, first [[Special:CreateAccount|register]] a name. Then, add or edit pages until they better reflect your wisdom! When adding information, don't sweat the formatting too much -- that can always be cleaned up later.

Get in touch with me -- my email can be [[User:Iceagefarmer|found here]].
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Alternative to LED lighting

2018-05-20T17:55:37Z

ZeroDivide32: ZeroDivide32 moved page Main Page to Alternative to LED lighting without leaving a redirect: Moving to article of its own/restoring main page.

A possible alternative to expensive and unreliable grow lights for indoor gardening
Thinking about growing food indoors I was discouraged by the coast of grow lights and the unreliability of the electric grid. but then i hit upon the idea of using mirrors to direct sunlight into a room and reflect it to plants with a series of mirrors. I dont know if this is feasible but I'm going to give it a try . someone had a similar idea here is his video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Ljw8nVzGv0

Talk:Alternative to LED lighting

2018-05-20T17:55:37Z

ZeroDivide32: ZeroDivide32 moved page Talk:Main Page to Talk:Alternative to LED lighting without leaving a redirect: Moving to article of its own/restoring main page.

I would like to offer some insight to new tech that can provide greatly needed answers to some of most difficult issues. I would like to open a discussion on, Waste, water, food, energy. These are the most pressing issues of our time. I would like to ask for all that have a creative approach to problem solving and knowledge of new tech that can be applied or combined with other new tech is what we seek.

History: Spörer Minimum (1450-1550)

2018-02-28T22:30:44Z

ZeroDivide32: /* Added Further Reading section with links to full/public books */

=Early Sporer Minimum: A Period of Extraordinary Climate and Socio-economic Changes in Europe=

From [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathrin_Keller2/publication/294085842_The_early_Sporer_Minimum_-_a_period_of_extraordinary_climate_and_socio-economic_changes_in_Western_and_Central_Europe/links/56bd8e5308ae9ca20a4dcb08.pdf?origin=publication_detailThe Early Sporer Minimum: A Period of Extraordinary Climate and Socio-economic Changes in Western and Central Europe]:

Climate reconstructions from a multitude of natural and human archives indicate that, during winter, the period of the early Spörer Minimum (1431–1440 CE) was the coldest decade in Central Europe in the 15th century. The particularly cold winters and normal but wet summers resulted in a strong seasonal cycle that challenged food production and led to increasing food prices, a subsistence crisis, and a famine in parts of Europe. As a consequence, authorities implemented adaptation measures, such as the installation of grain storage capacities, in order to be prepared for future events. The 15th century is characterized by a grand solar minimum and enhanced volcanic activity, which both imply a reduction of seasonality

Several cold periods occurred in Europe during the last millennium and affected the socio-economic systems. Here, mainlycontemporary English, German, Hungarian, Czech, Austrian, Italian and Dutch charters, letters, manorial, town and toll accounts, as well as narratives are analysed.

As the reconstruction in Sect. 2 (see Fig. 3) shows, the weather conditions during the 1430s stood out due to harsh and chilly winters. These remarkably cold winters caused the freezing of rivers and lakes in Central Europe, England, and the Netherlands and were accompanied by recurrent frost periods in April and May (Fejér, 1843; Marx, 2003; Brunner, 2004; Camenisch, 2015b). Heavy snow falls followed by outstanding frost were reported in March 1438 in Berne (Morgenthaler, 1921). In Scotland, for instance, the wine in bottles had to be melted with fire before it could be drunk. Extremely cold winters during the 1430s were also reported in Ireland (Dawson, 2009). In South-eastern France, in the Provence area, and in the Netherland the first half of the 15th century was characterised by high levels of hydro-climatic variability. From 1424 to 1433 two flood and five drought years occurred, while the winter seasons from 1434 until 1437 were outstandingly cold (Pichard and Roucaute 2014; Maughan, 2016; Glaser and Stangl, 2003). South of the Alps, the time span from 1430 to 1433 was extraordinarily wet, with the winter of 1431/1432 extremely cold till April 1432 (Bauch, 2015). Likewise, during the 1430s, Bohemia, Austria, and the Hungarian Kingdom suffered from a number of cold winters and one of the greatest known flood anomalies characterised, for example, by the ‘millennial’ July 1432 flood in Bohemia (Brázdil et al., 2006) or by the significant floods of the Danube reported in 1432, 1433, 1436, 1437, 1439, and 1440 (see e.g., Brázdil and Kotyza, 1995; Rohr, 2007; Kiss, 2012). Problems due to major flood events were also documented in the second half of the decade (e.g., in 1435, 1437, 1438 and 1440) in the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin, in Transylvania, and in the Tisza catchment (Brázdil and Kotyza, 1995; Rohr, 2007; Kiss, 2011). This temperature and precipitation pattern is also indicated by the models (see Fig. 6).

The main first-order impact during these years was a decline in food production. In England, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Bohemia, and other places, crop failures were reported during several years of the 1430s (Jörg, 2008; TitsDieuaide, 1975; Camenisch, 2012). In late April 1434, frost damaged vineyards in Hungary, Austria, and Bohemia. In Italy, the years 1431–1435 were characterised by harvest failures and dearth (Bauch, 2015). During the harsh winters of 1434/35 and 1436/37, in the London area special references were made to herbs such as laurel, sage, and thyme, which were destroyed by the frost. Moreover, the lack of fire wood and coal is mentioned (Brie, 1906a). In the area of the Low Countries and the Holy Roman Empire, several authors described frozen vineyards, devastated winter grain, and damages to livestock during the winter of 1436/37. Two frost periods at the end of March 1437 and in the second half of May destroyed vegetables, vine, and grain in the fields (Camenisch, 2015b). Harvest failures and grain shortages were also mentioned in the area of Berne (Morgenthaler, 1921). In 1440, serious problems in wine production and a bad hay harvest were reported for Pozsony/Pressburg (which is todays Bratislava) (Ortvay, 1900).

===Food Prices===
As a consequence of the poor harvests in many European regions, food prices increased considerably. Early reports on rising food and firewood prices in Paris, Cologne, Augsburg, and Magdeburg date back to the years 1432 and 1433 (Beaune, 1990; Cardauns et al., 1876). In 1433, high food prices prevailed in Austria, the Czech Lands, and the Hungarian kingdom (Höfler, 1865). Even in Scotland and Ireland, high prices and shortages were mentioned in the same year (Dawson, 2009). Special attention was paid to the price development of eatables in 1437/38 and 1438/39 (Brie, 1906a). In many other places in the Holy Roman Empire and the Low Countries, very high food prices were mentioned in the second half of the 1430s (Jörg, 2008; Camenisch, 2015b). In England, the situation seemed more complicated. A chronicle reported increasing wheat prices in 1435 and the consumption of substitute food such as bread made from fern roots was reported in the North (Marx, 2003). In London, rising prices for different grains were noted as well as for wine, sweet wine, meat, and fish.
===Epidemics===
The consequences that were described for the wider population were inferior bread, malnutrition, epidemics, and high death rates; one of the centres of misery was the North of England (Brie, 1906a). Other sources proved moderate prices in 1435 and no price increases in England before 1438 (Munro, 2006). Diseases resurged in these years and deaths from the plague were widely reported during the serious famine of 1438–1439, when predisposing environmental and economic conditions favoured host-vector-human interactions, and from 1450–1457, when summer temperatures were the most depressed and ecological stress was again acute (Biraben, 1975). ‘Pestilentia’ was also reported as far east as the Hungarian kingdom (e.g. ca. 1430: Iványi, 1910; 1440: HNA DL 55213). During the second half of the 1430s, Italy saw a row of country-wide epidemics (Bauch, 2015). Around Easter of 1439, the epidemic disease also reached Berne where a considerable part of the town’s inhabitants were carried off (Morgenthaler, 1921). During the 1440s and 1450s, Europe’s population sank to its lowest levels, due to epidemiological and reproduction regimes that kept deaths in excess of births (McEvedy and Jones, 1978; Broadberry et al., 2015). In fact, the negative human consequences of this conjuncture of adverse climatic, biological, and societal circumstances would have been of an even larger order of magnitude except that the long post-Black Death decline in population raised the returns to labour as a factor of production, facilitated the withdrawal of settlements from environmentally and politically marginal locations, and created conditions of relative resource abundance (Allen, 2001). Thus, the adverse effects of climate deterioration were offset by the dwindling numbers of mouths to be fed and the shrinking proportion of households with incomes below the poverty line (Broadberry et al., 2015).

===Animals===
====Sheep====
It also appears that the extreme weather of the 1430s had a strong impact on the health and fertility of sheep flocks in England. Thus, as several manorial accounts from south English demesnes reveals, the years 1432, 1433, 1437 and 1438 saw excessive mortality rates in sheep flocks, with the average figures standing at 32 per cent (compared with 4–5 per cent in 30 normal years). The weather seems to have also affected the fertility rates of ewes (calculated as the ratio between newborn lambs and all mature female sheep).
====Fish====
Another example of how the climate during the Spörer Minimum affected human society concerns fishery. Mutually reinforcing historical evidence plausibly connects the output of medieval fisheries for herring (Clupea harengus) in the North Sea and the Baltic to decadal-scale fluctuations in regional weather conditions. Preserved herring were the most important and widely-marketed fish product in Europe. In particular, they provided the cheapest protein-rich food permitted during the six weeks of Lent in late winter and early spring when Christian rules most harshly forbade consumption of animal products. Recent fisheries science has established a close relationship between the regional climate and the success of these herring stocks. Limits of herring ranges move northwards in warmer and southwards in colder decades. Furthermore, larval herring experience high mortality during cold late winters and springs in their primary habitat of the eastern North Sea, resulting in low adult populations and poor fishing 2–4 years later (Alheit and Hagen 1997, 2001, 2002; Archipelago Research Institute, 2015; Bailey and Steele, 1992; Finney et al., 2010; Krovnin and Rodionov, 1992; Poulsen, 2008).

Between the 1360s and 1540s, three kinds of historical sources indicate fluctuations in herring catches and stocks: contemporaries report losses in specific fisheries; 25 price series from 11 locations document great local volatility but also periods of widespread price peaks; and a unique record of yearly landings, written between 1405/06–1491/92 at Dieppe, a modest port near the southern boundary of the fishery range for herring. Taken together, these records identify at least regional and temporary collapses of herring catches for a time after 1360 (in the southern North Sea), locally in the Øresund from the 1410s, and more generally during the 1440s–1460s, the 1480s, and 1520s–early 1530s (e.g. Allen-Unger Database, 2015; Gemmill and Mayhew, 1995; Gerhard and Engel, 2006; Hauschild, 1973; Hitzbleck, 1971; Rogers, 1866–1902; van der Wee, 1963; Hoffmann, forthcoming).

While some herring fisheries may have diminished in the 1430s, regional and general failures of catches and stocks were most likely greater during the cold spells of the 1360s, mid–1400s, and after 1520.

=Epidemics: The Sweating Sickness (1485-1551)=

via [http://www.historytoday.com/jared-bernard/dreaded-sweat-other-medieval-epidemic]:
Holinshed's Chronicles, published in 1557, described English sweating sickness as "so sharp and deadly that the lyke was never hearde of to any manne’s remembrance before that tyme." This was written by men whose grandfathers saw the Black Death. The disease began abruptly with fever, extreme aches in the neck, shoulders, and extremities, and abdominal pain with vomiting. Intense chills were followed by a hot phase involving sweating so profuse that the disease soon became known as, simply, “the Sweat." Death came swiftly after profound weakness and agonizing shortness of breath culminated with chest pain, rapid pulse, and cardiac palpitations.

The outbreaks were mostly contained within England, where they occurred during the summers of '''1485, 1508, 1517, 1528, and 1551'''. Then this enigmatic disease vanished. During those summers, physicians struggled madly to understand the disease, notably Thomas Forrestier in 1485 and John Caius in 1552.

==== Further Reading ====
[https://archive.org/details/epidemicsofmiddlin00heck The epidemics of the Middle Ages(1888) Hecker, J.F.C.]

[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1739/1739-h/1739-h.htm The Black Death & The Dancing Mania(1888) Hecker, J.F.C] [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1739 other formats]
===
[[Category:History]]

GsmSick

2018-02-09T22:43:37Z

ZeroDivide32: /* GsmSick gut bacteria combo leads to cancer */

(see [[Grand_Solar_Minimum_Symptoms#Illness|GSM Symptoms]])

* [https://twitter.com/hashtag/gsmSick #gsmSick]) hashtag

We likely have yet to discover many other ways that energy cycles in the solar system affect life on earth. They may strongly affect the outbreak of disease, for example. The last six peaks of the eleven-year sunspot cycle have coincided with major flu epidemics. A Soviet group under Yu. N. Achkasova at the Crimean Medical Institute, working with astronomer B. M. Vladimirsky of the Crimean Observatory, has found a connection between the sun's magnetic field and the Escherichia coli bacteria that live in our intestines and help us digest our food. The Russians found the bacteria grew faster when the sun's field was positive, or pointing toward earth, and slowed down when it was negative. Two days after the passage of each sector boundary there was a dip in bacterial growth corresponding to the maximum geomagnetic turbulence. The data also showed a decline in growth in response to large solar flares. Other Russian scientists have drawn a tentative correlation between the sector cycle and reports from two groups of persons with neurological diseases. The patients felt worse within sectors of positive polarity, when bacteria seemed to grow faster. Life's geomagnetic coupling to heaven and earth is apparently more like a web than a simple cord and socket.

The following news article is an example of why this link is important.

Two types of bacteria commonly found in the gut work together to fuel the growth of colon tumours, researchers reported on Thursday.
Their study, published in the journal Science, describes what may be a hidden cause of colon cancer, the third most common cancer in the United States. '''The research also adds to growing evidence that gut bacteria modify the body’s immune system in unexpected and sometimes deadly ways.'''

The findings suggest that certain preventive strategies may be effective in the future, like looking for the bacteria in the colons of people getting colonoscopies.
If the microbes are present, the patients might warrant more frequent screening; eventually people at high risk for colon cancer may be vaccinated against at least one of the bacterial strains. “I can’t guarantee you these bacteria will be the holy grail of colon cancer, but they should be high on the list” of possible culprits, said Christian Jobin, a professor of medicine at the University of Florida who studies bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. An estimated 50,000 Americans are expected to die of colon cancer in 2018. The new study focused on the earliest stages of the disease.
Two types of bacteria, Bacteroides fragilis and a strain of E. coli, can pierce a mucus shield that lines the colon and normally blocks invaders from entering, the researchers found. Once past the protective layer, the bacteria grow into a long, thin film, covering the intestinal lining with colonies of the microbes.
E. coli then releases a toxin that damages DNA of colon cells, while B. fragilis produces another poison that both damages DNA and inflames the cells. Together they enhance the growth of tumours.
Not everyone carries the two types of bacteria in their colon. Those who do seem to pick up microbes in childhood, where they simply become part of the diverse mass of bacteria in the intestinal tract — the so-called microbiome.
For most who carry them, it is not clear the bacteria would ever be a problem, said Dr. Eric Pamer, an infectious disease specialist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York.
The bacteria seem to be able to induce colon cancer, or to take precancerous cells and drive them faster toward cancer, said Dr. Drew Pardoll, director of Johns Hopkins’ Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and an author of the new paper.
“Bacteria are there at the very earliest stages,” said Dr. Matthew Meyerson, director of cancer genomics at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. “This is a big step forward in understanding what is the role of the microbiome in colon cancer.”
The study’s lead researcher, Dr Cynthia Sears, an infectious disease specialist at the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute, did not expect to be investigating colon cancer.
She and her colleagues were looking at a toxin produced by B. fragilis. It was a familiar poison, a common cause of diarrhoea.
In Petri dishes, however, the toxin damages DNA and triggers cancerous changes in the epithelial cells that give rise to colon cancer. When the investigators put these toxin-secreting bacteria into mice, the animals’ colons became spotted with tumours.
So the scientists decided to investigate a broader question: Were any bacteria linked to human colon cancer and, if so, which ones?
The scientists chose to focus on two groups of patients: those who had no particular genetic risk for colon cancer but developed it anyway; and those who had a rare inherited genetic condition, familial adenomatous polyposis, or FAP, that almost inevitably leads to colon cancer.
In both groups, cancer begins with polyps, benign growths of colon cells that carry a mutation or two that can set them on the path to cancer. Most of the time, however, the polyps never progress and remain harmless. But if a polyp develops a few more mutations, cancer can begin to develop. So to protect patients, doctors remove any polyps they find during a colonoscopy. People with FAP can have hundreds of polyps, their colons lined with growths. It is impossible for doctors to take them all out; instead, they may remove the patient’s entire colon. Sears and her group examined six whole colons lined with polyps that had been removed from people with FAP. The researchers discovered biofilms — sheets of bacteria that had invaded the mucus covering the colons. But the biofilms were made up of just two species of bacteria, B. fragilis and a strain of E. coli. In samples of colon tissue from healthy people, only a few had these bacteria.
The researchers also examined 25 tumour samples taken from people with FAP — and found the two bacterial species again.
'''Then the team tried a mouse experiment, giving the animals a cancer-causing agent to elicit changes in the DNA of colon cells and then infecting them with one or the other of the bacteria. There were few or no tumours. But when the researchers infected the animals with both types of bacteria, tumour growth took off.''' The results might help explain why people with FAP, even individuals in the same family, can develop colon cancer at very different ages: patients who get the disease early may be carrying these two bacterial species. Now Sears is trying to find out whether the bacteria always, or sometimes, are drivers of colon cancer in the general population.

Working with nearby community medical practices, she is examining colon tissue from every patient having a colonoscopy. She hopes to review 2,000 pathology samples. But, she and others warn, it is premature to think of using the current results to protect people from cancer. “You could try to eliminate the bugs,” Jobin said. “That is easy to say, but hard to do. Antibiotics will probably do more damage than good.”
The drugs kill a wide variety of bacteria in gut, he added, many of which are needed for health. The bacteria described in the new study are not the first implicated in colon cancer. Researchers have discovered a different type, fusobacteria, in more advanced colon cancer. A recent study found fusobacteria had burrowed into tumours and stayed with them as they spread throughout the body. [http://gulfnews.com/culture/science/gut-microbes-combine-to-cause-colon-cancer-study-suggests-1.2168654]

Curing and Preserving Meat

2018-01-30T17:31:57Z

ZeroDivide32: /* Init meat preservation */

==Curing==

===Dry Curing===
When you dry cure meat, you need to rub salt all over the meat and dry it to preserve it. Flavorings such as pepper or other spices can be added to a dry rub.

===Wet Curing===
For this method, meat is preserved using a saltwater solution with 15 to 20 percent salt. Small cuts of meat are placed in this solution, and it is soaked for around five minutes. The meat is then taken out of the solution and hung out to dry. Take note that you mustn’t hang the meat in a sunlit area because this can result in unevenly cured meat. Always dry the meat in a well-ventilated area using hooks that are rust-proof. The wet curing process often lasts about five days. The salt in the meat will usually repel any insects. (Related: [https://www.naturalnewsblogs.com/preserve-food-storing-food-safely-naturally/ How to Preserve Food and Storing Food Safely and Naturally.])

==Preserving==
===Smoking meat===
Smoking meat gives it a “savory, barbecue” flavor. Meat that is smoked longer also has a longer shelf life. For example, meat smoked overnight can last for at least a week and meat smoked for two days can last for about two to four weeks. Do take note that smoking meat for longer than a day gives it a stronger smoky flavor.

To smoke meat:

Get green wood or dampen the wood for the fire. When smoking meat, you need more smoke instead of fire. Don’t use wood that is resinous.
Cover the fire. You can try two methods to do this. First is to dig a hole in the ground and drape a “poncho, sheet, part of a parachute, or other covering” over the fire. The second method is creating a “teepee” around the fire.
Cut the meat into thin slices with the strips at least six centimeters (cm) thick. Place the meat high enough above the flames so it’s smoked instead of cooked.

===Freezing meat===
If you’re in an area where the temperature is below freezing, you can leave the meat outside. Freezing meat like this is almost the same as putting it in a working freezer. When frozen, meat is well-preserved until thawed. Remember to cook frozen meat before consumption to avoid food poisoning.

===Jerky===
To make jerky when you’re outdoors, place meat on a rack over a flame. This helps dry out the meat, but like smoking, you need to make sure that the meat racks are not too close to the fire. As the meat dries, the smoke will turn the meat into jerky. You can hasten the drying process by covering the fire.

You can also make jerky without a fire, but only if the meat has been cured before it is dried. You can hang meat inside a box and dry it using a fan, and this produces “exceptionally tasty jerky” that you can eat even before it’s fully dried. Jerky made using this technique often tastes better than store-bought jerky.

Source: [http://survival.news/2018-01-29-curing-and-preserving-meat-in-the-wild-techniques.html]

Data sources

2018-01-09T21:11:43Z

ZeroDivide32: /* Data sources - Atmosphere(General) + GOES16 link, + earth.nullschool.net link with starting view of US jet-stream */

Collecting data sources here, perhaps for later consumption, or for others to build upon:

==Cosmic Rays (GCR)==
* [http://cosmicrays.oulu.fi/ Cosmic ray database] -- data since 1964, easily downloadable

==Seismic==
* [http://www.earthquake3d.com/ Earthquake live monitor]
* [http://quakewatch.net/predictioncenter/ QuakeWatch.net (Earthquake predictions)]

==Lightning/Atmospheric Electrical==
* [https://www.lightningmaps.org/?lang=en#y=36.7067;x=-81.4144;z=4;t=3;m=sat;r=0;s=200;o=0;b=0.00;n=0;d=3;dl=2;dc=0;ra=1;dn=1; Lightning Maps]
* [http://sosrff.tsu.ru/new/srf.jpg Schumann resonance(Russia)]
* [http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/experimental-geoelectric-field-1-minute Geoelectric Field map (US)]

==Atmosphere(General)==
* [https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/GOES/GOES16_FullDisk_Band.php?band=GEOCOLOR&length=96 GOES16 Full-color satellite images] (excellent site for viewing cloud cover)
* [https://earth.nullschool.net/#current/wind/isobaric/250hPa/overlay=temp/orthographic=-102.09,37.01,545/loc=-93.499,37.928 Earth.nullschool.net 250hPa view]

==Radiation==

* [http://radiationnetwork.com/ Radiation Network (realtime radiation levels)]
* [http://radcast.org RadCast]

==Solar/Space Weather==
* [http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/real-time-solar-wind NOAA Realtime Solar Winds]
* [http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/planetary-k-index Planetary K Index]

==Ice Cover==
* [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/snow-and-ice/snow-cover/nh/20171101-20171119 Snow and Ice Coverage]

[[Category:Data]]
[[Category:Science]]

History: Extreme Weather during the Maunder Minimum

2018-01-09T19:47:32Z

ZeroDivide32: /* History Extreme Weather: added bold formatting for years for [hopefully] easier reading */

source: [https://nextgrandminimum.files.wordpress.com/2016/07/little_ice_age_theory.pdf]

Many of these correspond directly with the [[Grand Solar Minimum Symptoms]], and we should not be surprised to be seeing these sorts of things happening again now.

=Extreme Weather during the Maunder Minimum ('''1645'''-'''1715''' A.D.)=

The region around the eastern Mediterranean (the Ottoman Empire) was severely affected by adverse climate during the Maunder Minimum.

Most areas suffered drought and plague in the '''1640'''’s, the '''1650'''’s and again in the '''1670'''’s, while the winter of '''1684''' was the wettest recorded in the eastern Mediterranean during the past five centuries, and the winters of the later '''1680'''’s were at least 3° C cooler than today.

In '''1687''' a chronicler in Istanbul, Turkey reported ‘This winter was severe to a degree that had not been seen in a very long time.

For ''fifty days'' the roads were closed and people could not go outside.

In cities and villages, the snow buried many houses.’

In the Golden Horn [major urban waterway and the primary inlet of the Bosphorus in Istanbul], the snow ‘came up higher than one’s face.’

The following year, floods destroyed crops around Edirne [close to Turkey's borders with Greece and Bulgaria], ruining the estates that normally supplied the imperial capital with food.2In the '''1640'''’s and '''1650'''’s, a civil war griped the British Empire.

This war combined with the effects of a series of failed harvest that led to famines, and plague epidemics killed approximately a quarter of a million people in England, Scotland and Wales or 7% of the population.

The population in Ireland alone fell by 20%.

In '''1655''', it was recorded that ‘a man might travel twenty or thirty miles [in Ireland] and not see a living creature’ except for ‘very aged men with women and children’ whose skin was ‘black like an oven because of the terrible famine.’

It produced in Scotland a famine of which ‘the lyke had never beine seine in this kingdome heretofor, since it was a natione.’2From Newfoundland [Canada] to Patagonia [the southern end of South America], the Americas experienced notably colder winter and cooler summers in the 1640s and 1660s.

In '''1675''' a ‘year without summer’, remains the second coldest recorded in North America during the last six centuries.

All surviving harvest records show dearth in the 1640s and 1650s.2The Canadian Rockies experienced a severe and prolonged drought from '''1641''' to '''1653'''.2Between '''1643''' and '''1671''', Indonesia experienced the longest drought recorded during the past four centurieswith intense episodes between '''1659''' and '''1664'''.2In '''1645''' A.D. in England, the summer was excessively hot and dry.‘The air very warm and so infectious that dogs, cats, mice, and rats died, and several birds in their flight over the town dropped dead.’

The plague was very violent.In '''1645''' and '''1646''' in Russia, there was a drought and plague of locust; and early frosts and poor harvests in the south in '''1647''' and '''1648''', creating widespread food shortages.2In '''1645''', a great storm struck Shanghai, China, which caused the sea to break the dikes, spread saltwater over the land and destroyed the rice crop.In '''1645''', rains in Crete more intense than anything recorded in the twentieth century destroyed crops and buildings.2Starting in September '''1645''', rain fell almost continuously on Sicily for a year, destroying first the winter crops and then drastically reducing the yield of the summer harvest.

In August '''1646''', the wheat prices rose higher than ever previously recorded.

Then in the autumn of '''1646''', a great drought occurred that lasted through the winter and into the succeeding spring of '''1647''', which seemed to threaten a universal catastrophe.2

In '''1646''', a great storm struck Holland and Denmark and the floods drowned 110,000 people.

The sea broke in at Dordrecht,the Netherlands, and thereabout, and drowned 10,000 people. Around Dullar in Friesland and Zealand, it drowned 100,000 people, and 300 villages.In the Ukraine, the cruel winter of '''1645-46''' produced heavy snow and frosts.

These gave way to daily rains so torrential that the roads became impassable.

This destroyed the harvest and made it impossible for the Cossack communities along the lower Dnieper to feed themselves.2Torrential rains in '''1646''' and a drought in '''1647''' destroyed the harvest surpluses on which Istanbul (the capital of the Ottoman Empire) depended, creating a food shortage.2The imperial Mughal army [of India] invaded Afghanistan but the winter of '''1646-47''' brought such intense cold that the Mughal garrisons ‘burned themselves in the fires they lit for warmth, and no one left their houses for fear of being frozen.’2In '''1646''', a plague of locust destroyed the crops in Moldavia.

‘No leaf, no blade of grass, no hay, no crop, nothing remained.’

The same disaster destroyed the next two harvests.2In Crimea in '''1647''', people were starving.

According to a chronicle ‘last year there was no harvest, and now the cattle, sheep and cows are dying.’2In England, ‘bad weather ruined the harvest of corn [grain] and hay for five years from the autumn of 1646 onward.’2In '''1647''' and '''1648''' in England, the weather was very cold, damp and rainy over most of these years.

Cattle died everywhere of a murrain.

The price of wheat hit its highest mark in '''1648''' and '''1649''' (over the 100 year period from '''1646-1745''') denoting a scarcity.21In the Iberian Peninsula, '''1646''' produced a disastrous harvest.

In May '''1647''', just when the new grain harvest seemed safe, all over Andalusia, in southern Spain ‘the weather turned cold, even worse than the coldest January day’.

Freak frosts killed the ears of grain and produced the worst harvest of the century.2In '''1647''', the harvest failed in France, leaving both the capital and the court short of food.2In some regions of the Dutch Republic, it rained every day between April and November '''1648''', so that the hay and grain rotted in the fields.

Then came 6 months of frost and snow during which the canals froze over, stopping all barge traffic in the Netherlands.

Many complained the winter lasted six months.

The summer of '''1649''' was also unusually wet, and the summer of '''1650''' unusually cold.

Between '''1648''' and '''1651''', grain prices in the Republic stood at their highest level for a century.2The French kingdom suffered from several years of extreme climate, which led to crop failures and famines.

These problems were compounded by excessive taxation, which led to the Fronde revolution in France in the years '''1648''' to '''1653'''.

About one million French men and women died, either directly or indirectly, because of the Fronde.

As dawn broke on 27 August '''1648''', ‘one saw children five and six years old with daggers in their hands, and mothers arming them themselves.’ 2Adverse weather ruined the harvest of '''1648''', throughout southern Italy.

The price of grain in Naples quadrupled.

Officials reported murmurs among the people saying,‘It was always better to die by the sword than to die of hunger.’ 2In the Yucatán in Mexico, beginning in '''1648''' heavy rains brought a plague of yellow fever into the region.

The rains were followed by ‘such a hard and extraordinary drought that it rendered the land sterile and produced such intense heat’ that wildfires raged throughout the Yucatán, destroying all crops left by the drought.

The local chronicler Diego López Cogolludo claimed that ‘Almost half the Indians perished with the mortality caused by the plague, famine and smallpox’ from '''1648''' to '''1656'''.

During the winter of '''1648-49''', the River Thames froze in London, England.In '''1649''', there were great floods in England and France.

In '''1649''' and '''1650''', there was a famine in Scotland and the North of England from rains and wars.

This was followed by a plague in Ireland and England.

In '''1650''' and '''1651''', there was a famine throughout the country of Ireland.Since 1636, Scotland had experienced the worst sustained drought in a millennium.

This culminated in heavy snow followed by a cereal harvest of ‘small bulke’ in the summer of '''1649''', so that the prices of food ‘of all sortes were higher than ever heirtofoe aney[one] living could remember.’2The plague epidemic that spread through southern Europe in the decade after '''1649''' killed one half of the inhabitants of Seville, Barcelona, Naples and other similar cities.2In '''1649''', there was 226 days of rain or snow in Germany followed by a winter that lasted 6 months.2The winter of '''1649-50''' was the coldest on record in both northern and eastern China.2In Russia, tree-ring, pollen and peat-bed data show that the springs, autumns and winters between '''1650''' and '''1680''' were some of the coldest on record during the past 500 years.

Repeatedly, crops either failed or produced little food.2Reconstructed tree-ring sequences from the island of Tasmania [island state of Australia] showed a succession of poor growing seasons in the mid and late seventeenth century, a period that saw the ‘most prolonged cool period in the past 700 years.’ 2In Sweden, a prolonged period of cold weather had reduced crop yields and trade, and the harvest of '''1650''' ‘was the worst Sweden had known for fifty years, or was to know for near fifty more’, and in March, the Stockholm bakers fought each other at the city gates to secure some of the scarce flour.2In China the winters between '''1650''' and '''1680''' formed the coldest spell recorded in the Yangzi and Yellow river valleys over the last two millennia.2In southern China in the '''1650’s''', seventeen counties in Guangdong province reported frost or snow.

This was the highest number in two centuries.2In '''1650''', there were excessive heat and drought in Italy.

After the harvest, the scorching heat was succeeded by very great rains and these were followed by a most rigorous cold.In France, this year was noted for a great scarcity of grain; the price was three times higher than in the previous five years.In '''1650''' in Egypt, the Nile River during its annual flood reached its lowest level of the century.

According to Alan Mikhail, ‘Egypt is a desert with a river running through it’; a poor Nile flood drastically reduced the crop yields of the entire province.

During this period of time, Egypt was the breadbasket of the Ottoman Empire.2The thunderstorms of the year '''1651''' produced a great flood year in France. All the rivers overflowed their banks. In Provence, France on September 8th, the Durance River ascended to the gates of Avignon. In November at Grenoble, the Isère River overflowed bridge and fifty houses, drowned fifteen hundred beasts in the country and three hundred in the city. The flood left three or four feet of sand in the streets. The waters rose, they say, more than twenty feet above their usual height.In 1651 in the Netherlands, so much snow fell that the state funeral of Stadholder William II had to be postponed because numerous mourners could not reach The Hague.

The year '''1651''' saw the longest recorded drought in Languedoc and Roussillon, the Mediterranean borderlands between France and Spain, which lasted 360 days.2In '''1652''', there was a drought in Scotland. The warmth was very great, the summer being the driest ever known in Scotland.

It was also very hot and dry in England and Denmark.In England, the years '''1651-54''' produced scorching hot dry summers and dry years.In July '''1653''', it was so furiously hot in Poland, that in the regiment of foot soldiers, which was the King’s Guard, marching most of them barefooted upon sand, more than 100 fell down altogether disabled [heat stroke], whereof a dozen died outright, without any other sickness.In 1653, a drought near Shanghai, China caused a famine.During '''1654-57''', an epidemic of the bubonic plague caused widespread depopulation in Russia.2There was a great drought in southern France in '''1654-56'''. Rains were very rare.During the winter of '''1654-55''', it was so cold in Belarus in the Balkans that the provisions of wines and beer froze on the sledges in one night even though they were insulated with straw.

The soldiers had to break the vessels and put the pieces of ice wine into kettles to thaw them over a fire in order to drink them.In '''1655''' during the winter, Mau and Tien lakes in China were frozen over. For several days, people could walk over them.This winter of '''1655-56''' in France and Germany was very severe. In France, the Seine River froze.

In Germany, the cold was so great that one could get in Wismar (Mecklenburg-Schwerin) onto the frozen Baltic Sea with a loaded four-horse wagon and travel a distance of 5-6 German miles, which has not been the case for many years. On the land, the wells were frozen to the bottom. On the roads in Bohemia [now western Czech Republic], several people were found frozen to death.

It was very cold in Scotland.In '''1656''' and '''1657''' in Rome, Italy, there were floods and a famine.

In July, there was a great rainstorm, which caused the Danube River in Europe to flood over its banks, tearing down bridges and mills, drowning many people and cattle.

Sixteen towns and villages were swept away.Between '''1657''' and '''1661''', England experienced 5 bad harvests in a row.2The winter of '''1657-58''' was very severe in Europe.

The bays and inlets of Northern Europe froze over.Charles X of Sweden crossed the strait to Denmark with his whole army, including the artillery, baggage and provision trains.In January his army crossed the frozen Small Belt on foot and invaded and conquered the island of Funen. He then traveled on the frozen Great Belt and leapfrogged through the islands of Langeland, Lolland, Falster, and finally his army reached Zealand on 11 February.There was great snow in Rome, Italy on 27 February 1658.The rivers of Italy froze deep enough to bear the heaviest carts.The cold winter in France destroyed the olive trees and it was accompanied by deep snows.

The Seine River in France was completely frozen from the first days of January.After the landmark winter of '''1657-58''', the snowmelt in France was augmented by torrential rains and many rivers burst their banks, including the Seine, which flooded Paris for the third time in a decade.

Since farmers could not sow their crops, the following harvest was very poor.2The winter of '''1657-58''' was also severe along the U.S. Atlantic coast.

Massachusetts Bay froze over while the Delaware River froze so hard that deer ran across it.

The winter was severe in England.

‘The crow’s feet were frozen to their prey; islands of ice enclosed both fish and fowl frozen, and some persons in their boats.’In Europe, people rode their horses on the ice across the Danube River at Vienna, Austria; across the Main River at Frankfurt, Germany; and across the Rhine River at Strasbourg, France; while barge traffic along the rivers and canals of the Netherlands gave way to sledges.

The canal between Haarlem and Leiden in the Netherlands remained frozen for 63 days.

The Baltic froze so hard that a horse and cart could pass easily from the mouth of the Vistula River at Gdańsk, Poland to the Hel Peninsula.2In England during the spring of 1658, the north wind and cold continued so rigorous and long that farmers lost hope of their grain either growing or ripening. In Modena in northern Italy, there was excessive heat and drought. In Abdera in Greece, there was an excessively hot summer. In Denmark and Copenhagen, there was drought and excessive heat.

In September, England was struck by a strong gale that caused much destruction on land and eight frigates and ships of the line, and two thousand officers and seamen perished.In '''1658-60''', a catastrophic monsoon failure produced a widespread famine in India, especially in Gujarat whose population relied heavily on imported food.

In 1659, the southeast India saw ‘so great a famine’, that ‘the people [are] dying daily for want of food’, while in Gujarat ‘the famine and plague’ became ‘so great’that they ‘swept away the most part of the people, and those that are left are few’.

The drought continued in Gujarat into '''1660''' and the famine raged and ‘the living being hardly able to bury the dead’.2The Aegean and Black Sea regions experienced the worst drought of the last millennium in 1659, followed by a winter so harsh that the Danube at Girugiu (200 miles inland from the Black Sea) froze so hard in a single night that the Ottoman army marched across the ice into Romania, ‘laying waste all the villages and leaving no blade of grass or soul alive anywhere’.

Because of the famine, many were forced to sell their children.

Transylvania also experienced meager harvests, which caused widespread starvation.

An official noted in his journal that, thanks to war and the weather, ‘Transylvania never knew such misery as this last year [1660]’.2The cold winter of '''1659-60''' was very severe in England, France and Italy.

It destroyed the olive trees almost completely.Between '''1660''' and 1680, more typhoons struck southern China at Guangdong province than at any other time in recorded history.2A disastrously wet winter and spring in '''1661''' in France caused another famine and the price of bread in Paris tripled.

King Louis XIV bought grain in Aquitaine, Brittany and the Baltic and brought it to the capital.2In 1661 in the northwest region of India and eastern Pakistan there was a severe drought that led to a famine.

‘Life was offered for a loaf, but none cared for it; rank was to be sold for a cake, but none cared for it. For a long time dog’s flesh was sold for goat’s flesh and the pounded bones of the dead were mixed with flour and sold. Destitute at length reached such a pitch that men began to devour each other and the flesh of a son was preferred to his [son’s] love. The numbers of the dying caused obstruction in the roads.’On 18 February '''1661''', a great and dreadful storm struck England. The damage was estimated at a little less than 2 million [£240 million in today’s currency using the retail price inflation index].In '''1662''', there was a great drought in Shanghai, China.

This caused a bad harvest and food was very scarce.The winter of '''1662-63''' was very cold in France and England.

The Seine River froze in France along with the River Thames in England.In this frost, ice skates were introduced into England from Holland. On 1 December, the king witnessed the performance of skating.In '''1663''', there was an excessive wet autumn in England and as a result a great death of cattle.

On 28 August there was a very great frost.

Eastern France experienced cold and rainy weather during the summer also.For 6 months in '''1663''', the northwest regions of Iran received neither rain nor snow, so that ‘wells dried up and crops withered’.

Poland experienced frost on several summer days in '''1664''', '''1666''' and '''1667'''.2The winter of '''1664-65''' was long and cold in England.

It was very severe in France. In Belgium there were very severe frosts and heavy snowfalls. The winter in Poland was so severe that most of the wines froze and several people lost their limbs [due to severe frostbite], and others froze to death.In '''1665''' in England, there were great flooding of rivers, and inundations from the sea.

There was a great plague in England.

In London 68,596 persons are said to have died from the plague.

After an order to kill cats and dogs, it is said that 40,000 dogs and 200,000 cats were destroyed. The plague was very fatal at Derby.‘The country people refused to bring their commodities to the marketplace, depositing them outside town; then retired to a distance till the buyer had deposited his money in a vessel filled with vinegar.’At Winchester, the dead were carried out by cartloads at a time, and the plague was as bad as in London.In '''1666''', there was a great drought in England.

In the moors between Yeovil and Bridgewater, the dried pasture showed the outline of trees beneath. They were dug up and there was hundreds of oaks as black as ebony [petrified wood].In England, it was intensely hot and dry. The Great Fire of London occurred. [This was the largest fire that ever occurred in London. It began on 2 September '''1666''' and continued for four days, and consumed thirteen thousand houses, eight-six churches and public buildings. St. Paul’s Cathedral was among the number. The buildings were all destroyed on 400 streets.]In '''1666''', England was struck by massive storms that contain exceptionally large hail and tornadoes.

Some of the hailstones were a foot in circumference.

These storms occurred on 17 July and 13 October.On 14-15 August '''1666''', a great Atlantic hurricane struck the islands of Guadeloupe, Martinique and other islands in the Caribbean causing approximately 2,000 deaths.All the vessels [17 sails] in the Saints [Barbados] were driven on shore. The whole of Lord Willoughby's fleet, only two were ever heard of afterwards.All the batteries (with walls of six feet thick) near the sea were destroyed; and guns, fourteen pounders, were washed away.In '''1666''', there was a great drought in Shanghai, China.Spain suffered from harvest failures in '''1665'''-'''1668''' and '''1677'''-'''1683''', a plague epidemic in '''1676'''-'''1685''', and then more harvest failures in '''1685'''-'''1688'''.2Between '''1666''' and '''1679''' in most if not all regions of China, 9 out of 14 summers were either cool or exceptionally cool, and a recent study of Chinese glaciers suggests a late seventeenth-century climate on average more than 1° C colder in the west and more than 2° C colder in the northwest than today.2The winter of '''1666-67''' was very severe in the Netherlands producing extreme cold.

This occurred late in the winter season from 16 March to 1 April.

The seas near Amsterdam froze completely.

Several ships were stuck in the ice.During the winter of '''1666-67''', Poland experienced 109 days of frost.2In the years '''1666''' and the 3 years after, Iran experienced plagues, locusts that destroyed the harvest, and famines.2In Montbéliard, France in '''1667''' the summer was very cold and dry. There was not a single month throughout the year in which it had not frozen.On 1 September '''1667''', a tremendous hurricane desolated the island of St. Kitts in the West Indies.

All the houses and building on the island were blown down.

This is probably the same hurricane that moved up the Atlantic coast in the U.S. and struck in what is now Virginia on 6 September.

Buried in the ruins were much goods and many people.

Many lives were lost.

In '''1668''', a small pox epidemic killed 1/9th the population of London, England.During the winter of '''1669-70''' it was intensely cold. The Little and Great Belts were frozen, and many people perished.[The Great Belt in Denmark (Danish: Storebælt) is a strait between the main Danish islands of Zealand (Sjælland) and Funen (Fyn). The Little Belt separates Fyn from Jylland.]The Danube River was frozen so hard that it carried people, horses and wagons. In Italy and France, there was severe cold. The extreme cold [in France] during January and February destroyed a large number of trees.In west-central Germany, the waters of the Rhine River froze at Koblenz, so that artistic craftsman exercised their several trades upon the ice (ice fair on the Rhine).In Moldavia, in the summer of '''1670''', ‘Terrible floods, frequent showers and heavy rainfall day and night raged for three months on end, destroying all the best wheat, barley, oats, millet and all types of crop.

Because they lie in water and are attacked by too much moisture, they neither ripen nor can bear seeds.

Nor can the grasses and herbaceous seeds in hayfields grow, for frost and water; or, if they do, they cannot be harvested [because] the sun never warms or dries up the land.’ 2In Africa, according to a Turkish traveler in the '''1670'''’s, ‘no one in Egypt used to know about wearing furs.

There was no winter.

But now we have severe winters and we have started wearing fur because of the cold.’2In '''1671''', severe droughts struck many regions of China.In '''1671''', excessive heat and drought destroyed the harvest in Sicily.

The famine caused heavy mortality.2On 8 December '''1671''' there was a great snowfall in England.

Then on 9-11 December, a storm of freezing rain struck England.

It destroyed a great many trees and made the roads impassable.

Many travelers were stranded.

This was then followed by a heat wave where apple trees blossomed before Christmas.

The winter in France was severe and the cold lasted for three months.In May '''1672''', the drought lowered the water in the l’Yssel [sometimes called Gelderse l’Jssel River in eastern Netherlands] and the Rhine River [in Germany]. The river was fordable on one arm of the river at several locations. This allowed the army of Louis XIV, to cross the river on June 5.

An epidemic of measles prevailed in London, England in that year.

And in Shanghai, China, a great drought struck the region.In France, the year '''1672''' saw the worst harvest in a decade due to a drought followed by torrential rains, andthose of the two succeeding years were scarcely better.2In '''1673''' in England the year was a cold unseasonably bad year, and a very late lean year.

Shanghai, China was struck by an unusual hailstorm.

The individual hailstones weight 3 or 4 pounds.The winter of '''1673-74''' was severe in the Netherlands.

‘The Zuiderzee was completely frozen; 16 March we crossed it on foot, on horseback and sleigh on the ice between Stavoren and Enkhuizen.’

The winter was very cold in Poland.

In England, it snowed for 11 continuous days.In England, on 7-8 May '''1674''', there was a great flood on the rivers Trent and Tame.

An epidemic of smallpox was very violent in London, England. It destroyed 1/8th of the people.In '''1674''', a great storm (with lightning, thunder, large hail and tornadoes struck the Netherlands, France and Belgium causing extensive damage.

The Camargue [river delta] in France was covered by the floodwaters of the Rhône River in '''1674'''.In '''1675''', much of the northern hemisphere experienced a ‘year without a summer’.2In November '''1675''', a great storm struck the Netherlands.

The storm was so violent that it caused several breaches in the great dikes near Enchusen and others between Amsterdam and Haarlem. Forty-six vessels were cast away at Texel and almost all the men drowned. These breaches caused a great inundation, which caused much damage. Many people, cattle and houses were lost.The winter of '''1676-77''' was extremely cold in northern France.

The Seine River at Paris was frozen for 35 consecutive days.

The river Meuse [Maas] was frozen from Christmas till 15 January and heavily laden wagons crossed over on the ice.Around July '''1678''', there were great floods in France.

The River Garonne in one night swelled all at once so mightily, that all the bridges and mills above Toulouse were carried away. In the plains which were below the town, the inhabitants who built in places which by long experience they had found safe enough from any former inundation, were by this surprised, some were drowned, together with their cattle, others only saved themselves by climbing trees or getting to the tops of houses. Others who were looking after their cattle in the field were warned by the horrible noise and furious torrents of water and fled but could not escape without being overtaken. At the exact same time the two rivers of Adour and Cave, which fall from the Pyrénées Mountains, as well as some other little rivers of Gascoygne overflowed in a similar manner and cause the same devastation.

New river channels formed in the mountains by the furious torrents, which tore up the trees, earth, and great rocks.In '''1679''', drought struck many regions of China.

The drought caused a scarcity in the vicinity of Shanghai,China.In '''1679''', another drought struck Sicily.

Grain prices again reached famine level.2In England in '''1680''' the summer was extremely hot and dry.

In Wrocław, Poland, there was great heat during the summer.

There was a great hailstorm in Europe where the hail was 1 foot deep.

There was a great flood in Londonderry, Ireland.

In the beginning of August, a hurricane struck Martinique and the Dominican Republic.

Twenty-five large French ships were lost, two English ships and several Spanish ships producing a great loss of life.

There was a great drought in the vicinity of Shanghai, China.In Sahel in Africa, drought in the '''1680'''’s became so severe and so widespread that Lake Chad fell to its lowest level ever recorded.2The winter of '''1680-81''' was intensely cold in Europe including southern France and Italy. The Little and Great Belts in Denmark were frozen, and manypeople perished.

In England, the winter was long, severe and intensely cold.

This year the cold was so severe as to split whole forests of oak trees.

The cold was so severe Provence, Francethat it killed the olive trees.The spring and summer of '''1681''' in England was extremely hot and dry.

The herbs and grasses were burned, and in the air, no trace of moisture could be detected.

An epidemic of smallpox was violent in London, England killing 1/8th of the inhabitants.On 6 June '''1682''' a great storm struck Tortorica in the Valley of Demana in Sicily and continued for 36 hours. Great torrents of water fell from the neighboring mountains with so great rapidity, that they carried down trees of extraordinary bulk, which demolished the walls

1624butchers, barbers, coffee-men, and others, who were so frequented by the innumerable concourse of all degrees and qualities, that, by their own confession, they never met elsewhere the same advantages, every one being willing to say they did lay out such and such money on the river of Thames.

Almost daily about 40hackney coaches drove back and forth across the ice as if they were on dry land. A bullfight and a foxhunt were organized on the frozen river.

A great many shows and tricks to be seen. Large fires were made on the ice.

On 2 February, anox was roasted whole and King Charles and the Queen ate part of it.

Nearly all the birds perished.

Many trees, plants and herbs were destroyed by the extreme cold.

Many oak trees split apart with a loud bang, like a musket shot.

Solid ice was reported extending for miles off the coasts of the southern North Sea (England, France and the Low Countries), causing severe problems for shipping and preventing the use of many harbors.Ice formed for a time between Dover (England) & Calais (France), with the two sides joined together.

All the French ports were closed for three or four weeks, the harbors being frozen over.

Ice extended nearly 24 miles off the coast of the Netherlands.

The cold was very severe in northern Europe.

The ice was 27 inches thick in the harbor of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Almost all the rivers in Belgium and the Netherlands were crossable with loaded wagons.

An extraordinary amount of snow fell in southern France.In '''1684''', the drought in France was excessively severe.

Jean-Dominique Cassini ranked the year '''1684''' among the warmest in an array spanning 82 years of great heat in Paris, France.

It was also equally hot and dry in England.In '''1685''', there was an epidemic of smallpox in London, England, where 1/9th of the population died.In '''1685-87''', a catastrophic monsoon failure produced a widespread famine in India, especially in Gujarat whose population relied heavily on imported food.

In Madras, parents gave away their children and adults sold themselves into slavery in order to avoid starvation.2During the years '''1686-89''', there was a great drought in Italy.In '''1686''', a military engineer on campaign in Romania complained ‘for three years now, I haven’t seen a single drop of rain’.

Lakes and rivers dried up, and ‘in the swampy soil, cracks were so deep that a standing man could not be seen ... I doubt if there is another example of such a terrible and lasting drought.’ 2A strong hailstorm with hailstones weighting up to 1 pound each struck Lille, Belgium on 24 May '''1686''' causing great destruction.

In June, a flood came down from the mountains and nearly destroyed the towns of Kettlewell and Starbottom in England.

The water was the height of a church steeple.In '''1687''', there was a great flood in Dublin, Ireland.

The lower part of the city was underwater up to the first floor and boats plied in the streets.

There was also a great estuary flood in the River Severn in England.

In the summer many of the rivers in England were flooded and many people drowned.

When the fruit ripened on the trees, great swarms of gnats and insects appeared.In '''1688''', an epidemic fever struck Ireland and England.

A great typhoon struck Shanghai, China.

The storm extended over 370 miles and caused great destruction of life and property in every direction.The winter of '''1688-89''' was very severe in England and the river Thames was frozen.

A frost fair was held on the river in London.

In Germany, the winter was severely cold with great falls of snow.In '''1689''', there was a famine in Northern Ireland.‘The inhabitants glad to eat rats, tallowand hides.’

France experienced their driest years in 30 years.

Heavy rainfall caused a great flood in Norwich, England.

The long drought broke in Italy, when the country experienced great rains, which rendered the whole spring frightful and good for nothing.

A great hurricane struck the island of Nevis in the West Indies killing one half of the inhabitant.

Droughts struck many regions of China and as a result many wells, springs and rivers dried up.

Climatologists regard the extreme climate events and disastrous harvests during the '''1690'''’s, with average temperatures 1.5° C below those of today, as the ‘climax of the Little Ice Age’.

Sea temperatures around the Orkney Islands and Scandinavia in the '''1690'''’s were 5º C colder than today.2In '''1690''', an awful snowstorm struck Scotland, which lasted thirteen days and nights. Duringthat time nine-tenths of the sheep were frozen to death, and many shepherds lost their lives.In '''1690''' in Ireland, there was famine and disease.In Italy in '''1690''', there was a famine from excessive rains.

Around the end of March, the heavens seemed to open their bosom and pour out their whole great reservoir of water. By one night’s rain, all the country about Modena, Finlan, Ferrara, Mirandola[in Northern Italy] were laid under water, deluged like a Sea. These cities standing up like little islands. This rainy weather continued the whole spring and summer, scarce one fair day. In the beginning of June, mildew appeared on the grain leading to its total destruction.

Nuts alone escaped the plague.In '''1690''', there was a famine in Shanghai, China from the drought.

There was no harvest that season.In the autumn of '''1690''' Ottoman troops in the Balkans endured from ‘snow, rain and frost.

The snow being as high as the horses’ chest, barred the roads, and the infantry could no longer move on; many animals dying, the officers were left to go on foot.’

Everyone experienced great ‘shortage of provisions’ and ‘the hardships and sufferings they endured had never been seen before.’ 2In '''1691''', Italy, and the Netherlands experienced excessively hot and dry summers.

Jamaica experienced excessive heat and a severe drought.In '''1691-92''', and extensive drought in China produced a widespread famine.2In '''1691-92''' in New Spain [colony comprising Spain's possessions in the New World north of the Isthmus of Panama], hailstorms, a plague of locusts and torrential rains followed by drought and early frosts destroyed two maize harvests in a row and initiated a prolonged drought that lasted until '''1697'''.2The winter of '''1691-92''' was awfully severe in Russia and Germany, and many people froze to death, and many cattle perished in their stalls.

Wolves came into Vienna, Austria and attacked men and women, owing to the intense cold and hunger.

All the canals of Venice, Italy were frozen, and the principal mouth of the Nile River in Egypt was blocked with frozen ice for a week.

There was snow for four or five days in the vicinity of Shanghai, China. Men, horses, and animals froze to death. For half a month it was so cold that no one went abroad.In '''1692''' in Northern France and England, there were heavy rains and great floods In '''1693''' there was excessive scorching heat and a great drought in Italy.

In England, the heat was intense in September.

There was a scarcity of all sorts of grains in England.

Many poor people in Essex resorted to making bread from turnips.

In France, there was an awful famine.

It was excessively hot during the spring and summer in Germany.

A plague of locusts struck Wales.

A severe cold spell struck England in October, which lasted for 4 or 5 weeks.

This cold spell also struck Ireland, France, the Netherlands and Belgium.

In Virginia in the U.S. there was a great storm, which stopped the course of ancient [river] channels.

Some rivers were stoppedup and channels opened for others that were so large as to allow them to be navigated[by ships].During the winter of '''1693-94''', the winter was severe in Europe with great snowfalls and cold.

In Germany and Italy, the frost was severe in November and December.

Italy experienced much snow.In Italy, there was burning hot droughty summer in '''1694''', in which five months passed without one shower of rain.

In Paris, France, it was the second driest year in 30 years.

From '''1694'''-'''1699''' in Scotland, there was a famine. In England, there was a great dearth from rains, colds, frosts, snows; all bad weather.On 27 September '''1694''', a hurricane struck offshore Barbados in the Lesser Antilles causing more than1,000 deaths.The severe sandstorm struck Scotland on 2 November '''1694'''. The village Culbin was covered over and lost for 230 years.In '''1694''', there was a great drought in the vicinity of Shanghai, China. This resulted in a bad harvest and ascarce year.In '''1694''' a drought in the African interior meant that the Nile River scarcely rose and receded quickly, leading to a famine in Egypt.

Conditions worsened in '''1695''', with both continued drought and plague.2During the winter of '''1694-95''', England experienced frost for 7 weeks.

There was continuous snow for 5 weeks.

The cold was so intense that forest trees and oaks were split by the cold.

The cold in northern Franceand southern Germany was reported to be intense.

Sea ice completely surrounded the whole island of Iceland.

In China, there was ice on the Huangpu River.In western Czech Republic during June, the summer was very cold and 3 intense frosts occurred leading to famine.At Poznań, Poland, the summer and harvest of '''1695''' was one continuous winter of cold rain, raw frosts, and mildew.In the years '''1694''' to early '''1697''', cold winters and cool and wet springs and autumns led to extreme famine in northern Europe, particularly in Finland, Estonia, and Livonia. It is estimated that in Finland about 25–33% of the population perished, and in Estonia-Livonia about 20%. The famines to a lesser extent also affected Sweden (especially in the northern region), Norway, and northwestern Russia. The famine decimated the population of Finland and Estonia-Livonia either through prolonged starvation, epidemics and other diseases promoted by undernourishment, or the reliance on unwholesome or indigestible foods, and the contamination of water supplies.In Estonia in '''1696''', landlords could no longer feed their farmhands and servants and began dismissing them. Many of these recently unemployed along with destitute, hungry peasants turned to begging. Even some members of the nobility were reduced to this state. In the autumn of '''1696''', the famine became terrible. There was a pronounced rise in the death rates. ‘The peasants died like flies.’ Bodies of the dead were lying everywhere. The winter of '''1696-97''' was extremely harsh.The snow was very high so corpses were left unburied until springtime and then placed in mass graves. Cases of cannibalism were reported in Estonia.In Finland in '''1697''', the famines, death and epidemics closely followed. This famine was so horrific that it brought on cases of cannibalism. In Ostrobothnia, Finland, ‘parents ate the corpses of their children, and children of their parents, brothers and sisters.’In northern Karelia, Finland, court documents describe cases of cannibalism. In one township in Karelia, there were so many funerals that the church bell cracked. Storehouses and manor houses were plundered.In Finland, some 500,000 people perished during the famine years of '''1694''', '''1695''' and '''1696'''.2In the upland regions of Scotland, cold and wet weather caused the harvest to fail every year between '''1688''' and '''1698'''.2In the cold-wet hunger years of '''1695-99''', Scotland lost between 5% and 15% of its people.21

The upland region of Scotland lost up to 1/3 of its population due to a 7 year famine.2Rivers over a great part of Europe were in heavy floods in '''1695'''-'''1697'''. Many of the rivers and lakesremained frozen for comparatively longer periods of time and didn’t thaw until the late spring.In Italy, there were profound deluges in '''1695'''.

The Po River in northern Italy overran meadows, fields, and destroyed crops, leading to a severe famine in the area.

Lake Zurich, Lake Constance and Lake Neuchâtel froze completely and one could walk over them as one would travel over a bridge. There were ice flows in the River Thames in England.During the summer in June '''1695''', it snowed as far south as Lviv in the Ukraine.2In October '''1695''', a hurricane struck offshore the Caribbean Island of Martinique causing greater than 600 deaths.

During the winter of '''1695-96''', the cold in England, the Netherlands and northern Germany was extreme.At Poznań, Poland, after 10 December '''1695''', there came a great snow and a strong frost, whichhad no thaw or remission till 10 March '''1696'''. All corn and herbs died and rotted under the snow.In '''1696''' in England, 200 sail of colliers and some coasters were lost, with all their crews in a great storm, in the bay of Cromer, in Norfolk.

It was a very bad year for crops in England and food was very scarce.The winter of '''1696''' was colder than had been known in New England in the United States, since the first arrival of the English. During a great part of the winter, sleighs and loaded sleds passed on the ice from Boston as far as Hull, Massachusetts. So great a scarcity of food, afterwards during the next year, had not been known; nor any grain ever been at a higher price.The area around Poznań, Poland went without rain in '''1696'''; hence a great scarcity in '''1697'''.The cold in England during the winter of '''1696-97''' was very severe.

In central Germany, it was intensely cold during January and February.

In the United States, the winter was intensely cold in the American northeast. Boston harbor was frozen as far down as Nantucket. The Delaware River was closed with thick ice for more than three months so that sleighs and sleds passed from Trenton to Philadelphia, and from Philadelphia to Chester on the ice.On 29 April '''1697''', a great hailstorm struck Wales and England.

The hailstones killed many seafowl, land fowl, lambs, and calves including a large mastiff.

Several persons had their head broken.

It knocked down horses and men.

The storm was 2 miles wide and had a track of 60 miles.

Some of the hailstones ranged in size up to the size of a man’s fist and some weighed ¾ of a pound.

The hailstones broke many windows, destroyed crops.

Trees were broken and shattered to pieces. On 4 May, another hailstorm struck England with hailstones 14 inches in circumference.

This storm also caused excessive damage, killing people and splitting some oak trees in two.

Another hailstorm struck Wales and England on 6 June, destroying poultry, gardens, crops and windows.In '''1697''', it was a bad year for the crops and food was very scarce in England.

In the same year there was a great drought in the regions around Shanghai, China.The winter of '''1697-98''' was severe in England.

On 25 November, the ice was 3 inches think in London.

But in December it was so warm that people could not bear their bedclothes.

Then there was a snowfall 12 inches deep.

In January, there were great snowfalls and deep drifts.

Towards the end of January, the ice on the water was 8 inches thick.

On 14 February, there was a great snowstorm that blocked up the roads with snow several yards deep.

On 3 May, there was a great deep snow over all of England.

On 15 May, the woods were like winter.The year '''1698''' was a very wet year in England.

Most of the grains harvested were wet and almost useless.

In the north it was not harvested until almost Christmas.

And in Scotland, they were reaping in January and beating the deep snow off it, as they reaped the poor green empty crop. Bread made from what was harvested would not stick together, but fell in pieces, and tasted sweet as if made of malt.The winter of '''1698-99''' in England produced the coldest year between '''1695''' and '''1742'''.

The River Thames was full of ice.

In Germany, there were frequent snowfalls.

Towards the end of March there was a great snowfall and the cold continued until May.

Poland experienced similar weather.

There was a famine in Poland at the time and many people were consuming unwholesome foods.In '''1699''', a powerful cyclone struck Sunderbans coast, Bangladesh causing 50,000 deaths.

The weather of '''1699''' in Germany produced a crop of wheat with black spots. The wheat was unwholesome and caused nausea both in man and beast.

There was a great scarcity and dearth. In '''1700''', there was a famine in England from the rain and cold of the previous year.On 14 September '''1700''', a hurricane struck Charleston, South Carolina in the United States and threatened its total destruction.On the Feast of Candlemas [2 February] '''1701''', there arose in Paris, France, a furious hurricane. No one remembered having seen anything like it. The top of Saint Louis Church sank in on the assistants. This hurricane destroyed the kingdom.The summer of '''1701''' in France was the most remarkable since the year '''1682''' because of its long duration of the heat and its high temperatures. In Italy, it produced intolerable heat.

There was an excessively warm summer in England.

Russia suffered from a major famine in '''1701'''. Many of the famines in Russia were accompanied by such horrors as eating of bark, grass, and dung, and cannibalism. In '''1701''' in Moscow, pies were made of human meat and sold openly in the streets.In '''1702''', England suffered a drought.

The summer was excessively hot.A great gale struck England from 26 November to 1 December '''1703'''.Thirteen British men-of-war were lost, and their 1,519 officers and seamen perished. On the River Thames near London, almost 700 ships were smashed together in one great heap.The number of persons drowned in the floods of the Severn and Thames rivers in England, and lost on the coast of the Netherlands, and in ships blown from their anchors and never heard of afterwards, is thought to have been 8,000. Around 123 people were killed on land in England during this storm.The loss sustained in London alone was calculated at well over £2 million. [In present currency, that would be equivalent to over £300 million using the retail price inflation index.]The city of London was devastated. The houses looked like skeletons and there was a universal air of horror on the people who emerged from their homes after the storm. The city streets were rubble heaps of roof tiles and slates that fell from the top of houses. About 2,000 chimneys were blown down.Over most parts of south Britain and Wales, the tallest and stoutest timber trees were uprooted or snapped in the middle. It was estimated that 25 parks in several counties each lost a thousand trees and those of New Forest, Hants above four thousand.

Many cattle and sheep perished.

In one place 15,000 sheep were drowned. It was called the Great Storm, and probably the most terrible that ever occurred in England. Defoe says, ‘Horror and confusion seized upon all, no pen can describe it, no tongue can express it, no thought conceive it, unless some of those who were in the extremity of it.’The Great Storm reached beyond England. In Dunkirk, France, the 23-27 vessels in the road [roadstead] were dashed to pieces at Peer Heads. The effects of the storm were felt in Dieppe and in Paris and in the northeast countries such as the Netherlands. Her Majesty’s ship Association, a second rate of 96 guns was anchored off Long Sand Head [in the Thames Estuary] during the hurricane. She was driven from her anchor and almost floundered taking in vast quantities of water. She was then driven north to the bank of Belgium, then the coast of the Netherlands to the entrance of the Elbe River where the storm was almost as violent as it was when they broke anchor in England. She was then driven to the coast of Norway.In '''1703''', there was a famine in southwestern Pakistan.In '''1704''' in England, the weather was the hottest and driest summer known in the previous 20 years.

By October, there was a scarcity of water for cattle.

The summer produced remarkable lightning and thunder storms.

In Venice, Italy, the drought was so considerable that water had to be fetched five leagues [15miles].The winter of '''1704-05''' was intensely cold and stormy in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the U.S.

In December, snow fell to the depth of three feet on the level. The Delaware River was fast with ice two feet (0.6 meters) thick, from the 10 December '''1704''' to the 10 March '''1705'''.

People brought loads over the ice.

All the roads were shut and there were no post for 6 weeks.In '''1705''', there were great rains and floods over the continent of Europe.

On 11 August in England, there was a dreadful storm or hurricane. There were 800 sailors lost. The news was fill of losses by sea and by land.Another storm struck Ireland. Half of Limerick was drowned. The ships came onto the keys. Such a flood was never was seen before.On the 29 December, a dreadful storm struck France. Tides rose up in the Loire River, 25-feet beyond normal and 118 ships, 6 of them Men-of-War were driven ashore.The summer of '''1705''' produced extreme heat in southern France. In Montpellier, France, the fearsome heat appeared July 17 and lasted until August 30, almost without interruption. ‘In my memory,’ Francois de Plantade, an assistant of Cassini wrote, ‘is not to find similar to this day, the air almost as hot as hell, as that which emanates fromthe furnace of a glass factory, and found no’ other refuge than the basement. Everyone was choking and took refuge in the cellars.At several places, eggs were boiled in the sun. In Hubin’sthermometer, the liquid broke through the top. Amonton’s thermometer, although it was attached to a place where the air had no free access, rose almost to the degree in which it melts the tallow. A famous academician measured the temperature at 107.6° F (42° C) degrees in the shade and 212° F (100° C) in direct sunlight, the temperature of boiling water.The greater part of the grape vines burned on that single day, a phenomenon that had not happened in living memory in this country.

Paris and Lyon suffered from a drought.In '''1705''' in Shanghai, China there was a great drought.During the summer of '''1706''', there was extreme heat and drought in England and northern Europe.

InGermany, the great drought affected the cow’s milk.

The year also produced some great floods.

On 16 July a great rainstorm struck Denbigh, Whales where it rained for 30 hours continuously.

All the rivers in Denbighshire, Flintshire, and Merionethshire overflowed, and destroyed the crops, and a dozen large bridges. Great oaks were uprooted and swept away.On 7 October, there was a prodigious flood in the north of Ireland, which broke down several bridges.In '''1706''' during the summer, there was a drought in the vicinity of Shanghai, China. Then in the autumn, there were continuous rains and floods and a dearth and famine.In England on 7 and 8 July '''1707''' was the greatest heat that had been observed in 46 years.Many horses on the road died.

In Paris, France the heat was very great and on 21 August was measured at 98.4° F (36.9° C).Many of Prince Eugene’s Army died of heat in their march from Italy these two days.May through August was all very dry in Italy.On 3 and 26 July, there were great floods in Ireland.In '''1707''' in London, England, there was an extraordinary fall of flies. These insects covered the clothes of persons and lay so thick that the impressions of the people’s feet were visible on the pavement, as they are in a thick fall of snow.In England, the summer, spring and harvest of '''1708''', was the coldest of any summer since '''1647''' (except for the year '''1698''').

This weather preceded one of the coldest winters in the past 58 years.The winter of '''1708-09''' produced a severe frost throughout Europe. In France, Italy, Spain, Germany and all the northern countries there was a very severe cold.In England, the winter became known as the Great Frost, while it in France entered the legend as Le Grand Hiver. In France, even the king and his courtiers at the Palace of Versailles struggled to keep warm.On 9 January '''1709''' in England, it was extremely cold. The frost was so intense that in less than 24 hours rivers froze, so as to bear loaded wagons. Urine froze under the bed [in bed pans], though there was a good fire in theroom. Bread and meal were all ice. Bottled beer in deep cellars froze. Horses’ feet were frozen to the ground. Cattle, sheep and birds perished.

Coaches were driven over the ice on the River Thames.

Large booths were built upon the ice and large fires were made on it.

Great quantities of snow fell, and the storm continued for three months.In Edinburgh, Scotland, the frost lasted from early in October until the end of April. In Italy, the cold was greater than for the past 20 years, and most of the oranges and lemons perished. The Sea was frozen both on the Coast of Genoa and Livorno, Italy.The Adriatic Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea from Genoa, Italy, by Marseilles, France to Sète, France, frozen. All the rivers in France, except perhaps the Seine in Paris and the Rhone to Viviers, were completely frozen. The large lakes and pond in the Languedoc and Provence also froze. The freezing up of the Thau Lake, very deep, very stormy, and was so complete and so solid that it opened an unknown road connected up with the Sea from Balaruc and from Bouzigues to Sète on the ice. Finally, even the sea froze off the coast of Sète, of Marseille and in the English Channel. People drove across the ice of Lake Constance and Lake Zurich with loaded wagons/coaches.Frosts and snows of '''1709''' ruined the majority of crops. All the olive trees diedfrom Perpignan to Nice in France.There were many deaths in Venice, Italy.Venetians were able to skidacross the frozen lagoon in Italy.On the Italian coast, several mariners on board a British man-of-war died of the cold, and several lost part of their fingers and toes.Eighty French soldiers were killed on the road by the cold near Namur, Belgium.At Paris, France, 60 men and many cattle were frozen to death.Roads and rivers were blocked by snow and ice, and transport of supplies to the cities became difficult. Paris waited three months for fresh supplies.

The Ebro River was frozen over in Spain.Portugal also felt the severity of cold.

Ink froze in a writer’s pen, even though there was a good fire in the room.

In Scandinavia, the Baltic Sea froze so thoroughly that people could walk across the sea as late as April.

In Switzerland, hungry wolves became a problem in villages.At Copenhagen, Denmark on 4 May '''1709''', the ice in Copenhagen harbor was 27 inches thick. On 9 April, people crossed the ice from Denmark to Schonen. The winter was very severe in Northern Germany.

In Germany many cows were frozen to death in their stalls. And many travelers on the road were frozen to death, or lost their hands, feet, noses, or ears, and others fainted, and were in great danger of life or limb, when brought to soon near the fire.During the ‘Great Winter’, the temperature in Paris, France, fell to -9º C on the night of 5-6 January '''1709''' and stayed well below freezing for almost three weeks.

Saintes on France’s Atlantic coast received 24 inches of snow.

The temperature on France’s Mediterranean coast plunged to -11º C.

January '''1709''' was the coldest month recorded in the past 500 years.

Although temperatures rose in February, they fell again just as the winter cereal crops began to sprout, killing them all.

The price of grain reached it highest level of the entire ancien regime.

600,000 French men and women died during the Great Winter.2In '''1709''' in France, fortunately, some prudent farmers had plowed their fields and sown them with winter cereal fields and barley. These were the bread grains in times of scarcity. People ate aronswurzeln, couch grass and asphodel. The famine was so great that a regulation was issued in April, which directed kitchens under penalty, even capital punishment to all citizens without distinction and the communities in to state their stores of grain and food. Equally significant were the result of an unprecedented thaw floods. The Loire River broke through its embankments, rose to a height not seen in two centuries, burying everything in its course.In '''1709''', there was a famine in Scotland from the rains and cold.

There was a scarcity of food in England because of a late spring, the cold weather continued until June or July.In the vicinity of Shanghai, China, there was continuous rain and floods in autumn.

Rice was very dear, owing to flood, which caused a famine.In May '''1710''' in England, the ground was exceedingly dry and cracked. Barley and peas were burnt. Vermin devoured all the fruits and the leaves of trees, so they were as naked as in winter.

There was an epidemic of smallpox in London, England that killed 1/8thof the population.During the winter of '''1710-11''' in England, the frost was severe from18 January until March.

Ice formed 3 inches thick on the coast.

It froze indoors in the bedchambers.In the region of Carniola, Austria [now Slovenia] in '''1711''', there was a famine from rain and mildew.This famine continued for several years.On 11-13 September '''1711''', the city of Mobile, Alabama in the U.S. was almost destroyed by ahurricane from a storm surge in Mobile Bay that overflowed the town.

This hurricane also destroyed churches and building in New Orleans, Louisiana.

In '''1712''', there was excessive heat in low-Hungary [parts of Hungary, Slovakia and Croatia].

The summer was very hot in southern France.

It caused the springs, creeks, small rivers and lakes to dry up and destroyed the crops.

In southern France, there was a severe drought.On 28 August '''1712''', a terrible hurricane struck the island of Jamaica. It destroyed several ships belonging to London and Bristol and fourteen ships belonging to the island. In the harbor of Port Royal and Kingston, four hundred sailors were drowned. Many people were killed by destruction of houses and the sugar works.In England, the years between '''1713'''-'''1719''' produced a moderate drought. There were few rains but there were rich dews. The years '''1714''', '''1717''', '''1718''', and '''1719''' produced very hot summers.In '''1714''' in London, England, there was an epidemic of smallpox. One-ninth of the population died.In the year '''1715''' more than one third of the population of France (6 million people) perished from hunger and destitution. The cause of this famine and those that followed was due to taille (land tax). France is a land of good soil and fine weather, almost like a Garden of Eden. But for over a hundred years leading up to the French Revolution in '''1789''', it became a land of dire want and famines. Taille robbed the peasants of even their meager existence.On 30 July '''1715''', a hurricane struck the southern Bahamas and the Straits of Florida in the United States. The storm caused between 1,000 and 2,500 deaths.In '''1715''' during the summer, there was a great drought in the vicinity of Shanghai, China.The winter of '''1715'''-16 was recorded as being intensely cold throughout Europe.On 22 January '''1716''', the temperature in Paris, France was -4° F (-20° C).

The Seine River froze over in Paris.

Frost fair was held on the River Thames in London, England.

Streets of booths were erected on the ice and an ox roasted on it, coaches driven, and many diversions exercised above the bridge.

So strong was the ice below the bridge, that people walked and ice-skated.Dawkes' News Letter of the 14th of January says, ‘The Thames seems now a solid rock of ice; and booths for sale of brandy, wine, ale, and other exhilarating liquors, have been for some time fixed thereon; but now it is in a manner like a town; thousands of people cross it, and with wonder view the mountainous heaps of water that now lie congealed into ice. On Thursday a great cook's-shop was erected, and gentlemen went as frequently to dine there as at any ordinary. Over against Westminster, Whitehall, and Whitefriars, printing presses are kept on the ice.’

Companion Plants

2018-01-09T00:31:38Z

ZeroDivide32: /* Companion Plants - Added matrix style image */

See also [[Insect-Repellant Plants]]:

[[File:Companion_crop_guide.png]]<br>
[https://www.permaculturenews.org/resources_files/Poster_GDN_Com_Plant.pdf]

Amaranth -- Corn, Onion, Potato

Angelica -- Incompatible with Dill

Anise -- Beans, Coriander /// Incompatible with Basil, Rue

Apple -- Chives /// Incompatible with: Potato

Asparagus -- Basil, Marigold, Nasturnium, Parsley, Tomato /// Incompatible with Mint, Onion

Basil -- Beans, Cabbage, Marigold, Pepper, Tomato -- Incompatible with Rue

Beans -- Beets, Borage, Cabbage, Carrot, Cauliflower, Celery, Collards, Corn, Cucumber, Nasturnium, Petunia, Potato, Squash, Strawberry, Summer Savory, Sunflower, Tomato /// Incompatible with Chives, Onion, Garlic, Fennel, Gladiolus, Leek

Bee Balm -- Tomato /// Incompatible with Field Mustard

Beets -- Basil, Bush beans, Cabbage, Kohlrabi, Lettuce, Onion, Sage, Tomato /// Incompatible with Pole beans, Mustard

Borage -- Squash, Strawberry, Tomato

Broad Beans -- Corn /// Incompatible with Kohlrabi

Broccoli -- Beans, Celery, Chamomile, Dill, Mints, Nasturtium, Onion, Oregano, Potato, Rosemary, Sage /// Incompatible with Lettuce, Strawberry, Tomato

Brussel Sprouts -- Beans, Celery, Dill, Hyssop, Mints, Nasturtium, Potato, Rosemary, Sage /// Incompatible with Strawberry

Cabbage -- Aromatic herbs (repel Cabbage Worms), Bush Beans, Beets, Celery, Chamomile, Dill, Geranium, Hyssop, Lavender, Marigold, Mint, Nasturnium, Onions, Oregano, Potato, Rosemary, Sage, Tansy, Thyme, Tomato /// Incompatible with Dill, Grapes, Mustards, Rue, Strawberries, Tomatoes

Calendula -- Tomato (Repels tomato worms, asparagus beetles)

Caraway -- Peas /// Incompatible with Fennel

Carrots -- Chervil, Chives, Leaf lettuce, Leeks, Onion, Peas, Radish, Rosemary, Sage, Tomato, Wormwood /// Incompatible with Anise, Dill

Cauliflower -- Beans, Beet, Celery, Chamomile, Dill, Hyssop, Lavender, Mints, Nasturtium, Onion, Oregano, Radish /// Incompatible with Dill, Strawberries, Tomatoes

Celery --Beans, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Leek, Onion, Spinach, Tomato /// Incompatible with Corn

Chamomile -- Cabbage, Mint, Onion, Squash

Chervil -- Carrots, Radish

Chives -- Carrots, Grapes, Parsley, Tomato /// Incompatible with Peas, Beans

Collard Greens -- Tomatoes

Coriander -- Anise, Potato /// Incompatible with Fennel

Corn -- Amaranth, Beans, Cucumber, Geranium, Lamb's Quarters, Melons, Morning Glory, Peas, Potato, Pumpkin, Sow Thistle, Squash, Sunflower /// Incompatible with Celery, Tomato

Cucumbers -- Beans, Broccoli, Celery, Corn, Lettuce, Marigold, Nasturnium, Onion, Peas, Radish, Savory, Sunflower, Tomato /// Incompatible with: Potato, Rue, Sage

Dill -- Cabbage, Lettuce, Onion /// Incompatible with Carrot, Tomato

Eggplant -- Amaranth, Beans, Peas, Spinach, Tarragon, Thyme

Fennel -- Incompatible with Beans, Caraway, Dill, Fennel, Kohlrabi, Tomato, Wormwood

Fig -- Incompatible with Rue

Flax -- Carrot, Potatoes

Garlic -- Beets, Carrots, Chamomile, Lettuce, Raspberry, Roses, Tomato, Summer savory /// Incompatible with Beans, Cabbage, Peas, Strawberries

Grapes -- Clover, Geranium, Hyssop, Oregano /// Incompatible with Cabbage, Radish

Hyssop -- Cabbage, Grape

Kohlrabi -- Beets, Cucumber, Onion /// Incompatible with Pole Beans, Pepper, Strawberry, Tomato

Leek -- Carrots, Celery, Onions /// Incompatible with Beans, Broccoli

Lettuce -- Beet, Cabbage, Carrot, Clover, Corn, Cucumber, Melon, Onion, Peanuts, Peas, Radish, Strawberry, Sunflower

Lovage -- Beans

Melons -- Corn, Nasturnium, Radish

Mint -- Cabbage, Tomatoes /// Incompatible with Chamomile, Parsley

Nettle -- Increases the oil production of herbs

Onions -- Amaranth, Beets, Cabbage, Carrot, Celery, Chamomile, Leeks, Lettuce, Pepper, Potato, Roses, Sow Thistle, Strawberry, Summer savory, Tomato /// Incompatible with Beans, Peas

Oregano -- Cabbage, Cucumber

Parsley -- Asparagus, Carrot, Chives, Onions, Roses, Tomato /// Incompatible with Mint

Petunia -- Beans

Peanuts -- Squash, Corn

Peas -- Aromatic herbs, Beans, Carrots, Corn, Cucumber, Eggplant, Lettuce, Potato, Radish, Spinach, Turnips /// Incompatible with Garlic, Gladiolus, Leek, Onion, Potoato, Shallots

Peppers -- Basil, Carrot, Lovage, Marjoram, Onion, Oregano /// Incompatible with Fennel, Kohlrabi

Plum -- Horseradish

Pole Beans -- Radish // Incompatible with Beets, Sunflower

Potatoes -- Amaranth, Beans, Corn, Cabbage, Eggplant, Flax, Horseradish, Lettuce, Lima Beans, Marigold, Onion, Petunia /// Incompatible with Cucumber, Pumpkin, Radish, Raspberry, Sunflower, Squash, Tomato

Pumpkin -- Corn, Dastura /// Incompatible with Apple, Potato, Raspberry, Rosemary, Tomato

Radishes -- Beans, Beets, Carrots, Chervil, Cucumber, Lettuce, Melons, Nasturnium, Parsnips, Peas, Spinach, Squash /// Incompatible with: Brussels sprouts, Broccoli, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Grape, Hyssop, Kohlrabi, Potato, Turnips

Raspberry -- Tansy /// Incompatible with Potato

Rhubarb -- Columbine, Garlic, Onion, Roses

Rose -- Beans, Cabbage, Carrot, Sage /// Incompatible with Potato

Rosemary -- Beans, Cabbage, Carrots, Sage /// Incompatible with Potatoes

Rue -- Figs, Raspberry, Rose, Strawberry /// Incompatible with Basil, Cabbage, Sage

Sage -- Beans, Cabbage, Carrot, Marjoram, Peas, Rosemary, Strawberry, Tomato /// Incompatible with Cucumber, Rue

Savory -- Beans, Onions

Southernwood -- Cabbage

Sowthistle -- Corn, Onions, Tomato

Soybeans -- Everything

Spinach -- Cabbage, Cauliflower, Celery, Eggplant, Onion, Peas, Strawberry

Squash -- Beans, Corn, Cucumbers, Icicle radishes, Mint, Nasturnium, Onion /// Incompatible with Potatoes

Strawberries -- Beans, Borage, Comfrey, Lettuce, Onion, Spinach /// Incompatible with Broccoli, Brussle Sprouts, Cabbage, Califlower, Kohlrabi

Sunflower -- Cucumber /// Incompatible with Cabbage

Tansy -- Fruits, Peppers, Potato, Rose, Raspberry

Thyme -- Cabbage

Tomatoes -- Asparagus, Basil, Bee Balm, Carrot, Celery, Chives, Garlic, Lemon Balm, Onions, Marigold, Mint, Nasturtium, Parsley, Peas, Sage /// Incompatible with Cabbage, Cauliflower, Corn, Dill, Fennel, Kohlrabi, Potato

Turnip -- Peas

[[Category:Garden]]
[[Category:PlantUses]]

File:Companion crop guide.png

2018-01-09T00:27:07Z

ZeroDivide32:

Inground Swimming Pool

2017-12-12T17:34:10Z

ZeroDivide32: /* Init Inground Swimming Pool uses */

==Pools==

While an in-ground pool may not be very useful for swimming during the GSM, this does not mean they are useless!

==Alternative uses for pools==
* Building a greenhouse over an old pool and you have yourself a mini geothermal greenhouse! Old windows or glass doors can be placed in a pyramid configuration over the pool as a basic example.
* Depending on location/setup, it may be possible to use the pool as a small reservoir. This would have sanitation factors, of course.
* With available materials, an empty pool can be covered to create below-ground storage space.

Any attempts at re-using such a hole should consider stability! A pool with a soft liner may not be very stable without the water holding the sides up and could pose a SERIOUS cave-in risk!

Iodine

2017-12-11T03:22:28Z

ZeroDivide32: /* Add internal-uses section and stubs */

==Iodine==

If ye don’t know where, what, and why Prescribe ye then K and I. ''-Old medical school rhyme''

==Internal Uses==
[[Bio-films]] [https://www.sott.net/article/370885-54-natural-science-based-options-to-inhibit-and-destroy-pathogenic-Biofilms]

[[Candida]] [https://selfhacked.com/blog/treat-cure-candida/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10709489]

==Articles & External Information==
[https://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/modern-diseases/the-great-iodine-debate/ WstonAPrice.org article covering usage & history]

[https://vimeo.com/217402765 Dr. Jorge Flechas Total Body Iodine Sufficiency]

[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/11/29/iodine-protocol-destroying-candida/ Blogger's success in treating SIBO with Lugol's]

== As External Antiseptic ==

While harsh on healthy tissue, iodine can be used to prevent and treat infections that may occur in minor scrapes and cuts. Betadine may be better. Or [[Calendula]].

[[Category:Medical]]
[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Alternative Remedies]]

Iodine

2017-12-04T18:28:58Z

ZeroDivide32: /* Iodine - A potential treatment for SIBO */

==Iodine==

If ye don’t know where, what, and why Prescribe ye then K and I. ''-Old medical school rhyme''

==Articles & External Information==
[https://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/modern-diseases/the-great-iodine-debate/ WstonAPrice.org article covering usage & history]

[https://vimeo.com/217402765 Dr. Jorge Flechas Total Body Iodine Sufficiency]

[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/11/29/iodine-protocol-destroying-candida/ Blogger's success in treating SIBO with Lugol's]

== As External Antiseptic ==

While harsh on healthy tissue, iodine can be used to prevent and treat infections that may occur in minor scrapes and cuts. Betadine may be better. Or [[Calendula]].

[[Category:Medical]]
[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Alternative Remedies]]

Data sources

2017-11-20T00:51:28Z

ZeroDivide32: /* Data sources - additional links */

Collecting data sources here, perhaps for later consumption, or for others to build upon:

* [http://cosmicrays.oulu.fi/ Cosmic ray database] -- data since 1964, easily downloadable

* [http://www.earthquake3d.com/ Earthquake live monitor]

* [https://www.lightningmaps.org/?lang=en#y=36.7067;x=-81.4144;z=4;t=3;m=sat;r=0;s=200;o=0;b=0.00;n=0;d=3;dl=2;dc=0;ra=1;dn=1; Lightning Maps]

* [http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/planetary-k-index Planetary K Index]

* [http://quakewatch.net/predictioncenter/ QuakeWatch.net (Earthquake predictions)]

* [http://radiationnetwork.com/ Radiation Network (realtime radiation levels)]

* [http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/real-time-solar-wind NOAA Realtime Solar Winds]

* [http://sosrff.tsu.ru/new/srf.jpg Schumann resonance(Russia)]

[[Category:Data]]
[[Category:Science]]

Colloidal Silver

2017-11-12T03:55:33Z

ZeroDivide32: /* Colloidal Silver - additional references(DOD, med journals)

== Background/History ==

Silver has a rich history as an antibiotic/anti-microbial. It just works. Water stored in silver containers stays fresh -- this is why the Roman Empire used them.

Where the controversy and confusion begin is, as usual, in modern times. I can't legally make any medical claim here, but I can say that the claims the medical industry makes about "silver turning you blue" are ridiculous when dosing properly. [http://www.gold2live.com/Blue-Man-Smiles-After-Hoax.html More info on the Blue Man hoax]

Argyria results from prolonged contact with or ingestion of silver salts. Argyria is characterized by gray to gray-black staining of the skin and mucous membranes produced by silver deposition. Silver may be deposited in the skin either from industrial exposure or as a result of medications containing '''silver salts'''. [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1069121-overview]

Prior to 1999, colloidal silver was viewed as a "Pre-1938" drug and not subject to FDA approval. [http://all-natural.com/natural-remedies/silver-1/] Since that time, colloidal silver is no longer considered a pre-1938 drug [https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/081799a.txt] but can still be marketed as a dietary supplement.

Colloidal Silver by another name... [http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Collargolum Collargolum]

By reason of its colloidal nature collargolum has vigorous catalytic effects which induce or enhance the processes of oxidizing bacterial toxins in the organism This fact was proved by Schedc Hamburger Robin and others Prof Solis Cohen Jour Amer Med Asso Oct 20 1906 stated It is quite probable that the therapeutic value of colloidal silver is largely due to catalytic action in taking up and again yielding thus destroying toxins bacteria or diseased cells a chemical amboceptor action to an illustration made familiar by Ehrlich through such action it may prevent or retard sepsis It certainly has a definite therapeutic action and should be employed more extensively in larger and more frequent doses [https://books.google.com/books?id=eVA2AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA168-IA3&ots=OoW8Z_pKs_&dq=Collargolum&pg=PA168-IA3#v=onepage&q=Collargolum&f=false The Railway Surgical Journal 1907] [https://books.google.com/books?id=daHlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR26&lpg=PR26&dq=Collargolum&source=bl&ots=hMsJHz45Py&sig=xvEj07G1iWX7Poj0rSYPJ2dCpbg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAv-emhP7VAhWBwiYKHXKmDa4Q6AEIVzAM#v=onepage&q=Collargolum&f=false]

== Making Colloidal/Ionic Silver ==

The formula I use to make ionic or colloidal silver is:

Time = Milliliters of distilled water x PPM X 0.015 / mA of constant current.
So I have 1050 Milliliters of distilled water that I want to make to 20 PPM using 1.5 mA of constant current.
It would look like this
210 min or 3.5 hours = 1050*20*0.015/1.5 mA
you can make any amount of liquid silver using this formula just change the milliliters of water or PPM or mA of constant current.

After experimenting with several machines I have found 33 volts of DC and 1.5 mA of constant current works best with 10 gauge 9999 Silver wire . [http://amzn.to/2zIhJ9B Amazon]
You can make 1 quart or liter 20 PPM in 3.5 hours. The product is excellent quality and can be made in a short amount of time. you can get a 1.5 mA constant current diode E-152 from mouser Electronics for 2.31ea
[link to www.mouser.com] [http://www.ebay.com/itm/2pcs-Semitec-E152-E-152-1-5mA-CRD-Current-regulative-Diode-DO-35-New-592/182354924662 Ebay]
hook the striped end of diode to negative side of power supply. Connect the other side of diode to the cathode or negative side of colloidal silver generator. This will give you a constant current colloidal silver generator.
I will post in a update on how to convert ionic silver to true colloidal silver when I have time." [http://www.godlikeproductions.com/forum1/message2860579/pg1?disclaimer=1]

While the author never returned to describe their method of reduction, simply adding heat to the water while the solution is being prepared appears to work.

NEVER USE SALT. (With this method, anyways..)

==Additional Reading==

[https://ia801405.us.archive.org/11/items/silvercureforebola/Silver%20Nanoparticles%20as%20Potential%20Antiviral%20Agents%20-%20Ebola%20and%20Related%20Viruses.pdf Silver Nanoparticles as Potential Antiviral Agents]

[https://ia601405.us.archive.org/11/items/silvercureforebola/Antimicrobial%20Activity%20of%20Silver.pdf IMLS Technical White Paper: Antimicrobial Activity of Silver]

[https://archive.org/stream/silvercureforebola/Ions%2C%20Not%20Particles%2C%20Make%20Silver%20Toxic%20to%20Bacteria#page/n0/mode/2up Ions, not particles, make silver toxic to bacteria]

[https://archive.org/stream/silvercureforebola/defense-threat-reduction-agency-silver-nanoparticles-neutralize-hemorrhagic-fever-viruses-1#page/n0/mode/2up Silver nanoparticle neutralization of hemorrhagic fever viruses ]

[https://archive.org/stream/silvercureforebola/Silver%20Nanoparticles%20Are%20Broad-Spectrum%20Bactericidal%20and%20Virucidal%20Compounds#page/n0/mode/2up Silver nanoparticles are broad-spectrum bactericidal and virucidal compounds ]

== Uses / Testimonials ==
* [http://www.thesilveredge.com/experts.shtml#.WabMeXWGNGF Summary of expert testimonials on CS]

* [http://www.colloidforum.com/phpBB3/index.php Forum dedicated to testimonials of colloidal noble metals] NOTE: This forum speaks of "Meso" colloidals, produced & sold by PurestColloids.com. While the site owner does not appear to be related to the company, some of the posts look to be email/snail-mail, as if posted by PurestColloids.com. There are many posts that appear original and some give negative feedback(i.e. condition not resolved by product) so there is certainly value here.

* "I've recently started preparing my own colloidal silver and have been watering a couple of plants with it. This testing is on-going but no negative results observed and potential positives(will update after more controlled testing). I have personally used MesoSilver, MesoGold & MesoPlatinum in the past and have family that, as of Dec 2016 have been using store-bought colloidal silver and experienced reduced seasonal sickness/cold duration. Inspecting the bottle revealed it to be an ionic formula(clear) and obtained at a drug store in Cambridge MA. " --SEC

I'd love to collect some more information and even testimonials here. Perhaps you can help.

[[Category:Medical]]
[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Alternative Remedies]]

Diverticulitis

2017-11-11T22:55:30Z

ZeroDivide32: /* init diverticulitis relief */

==Herbal remedy to aid with diverticulitis==
The following is served three times daily, as a tea.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ingredient
! Quantity
|-
| Wild Yam
| 3 parts
|-
| German Chamomile
| 2 parts
|-
| Marshmallow
| 1 part
|-
| Calamus
| 1 part
|}

If ''flatulence'' is present, carminatives like ginger and calumba should be added. If ''constipation'' is present laxatives like rhubarb root, or senna may be included.
Slippery Elm may be helpful.

Abrupt Earth Changes

2017-10-30T17:46:24Z

ZeroDivide32: /* init Abrupt Earth Changes-Sacha Dobler page/reference */

==Black Death and Abrupt Earth Changes in the 14th century==

[https://abruptearthchanges.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/8-8-2017-updated-black-death-and-abrupt-earth-changes.pdf Abrupt Earth Changes(free PDF)] by [https://abruptearthchanges.com/2017/05/25/1619/ Sacha Dobler]

Electroculture

2017-10-19T19:07:18Z

ZeroDivide32: /* EC additional references */

Electroculture, mentioned in [[IAF_Podcast_Episode_8|Episode 8]], comprises many different approaches and methodologies to encourage above-average plant growth. Many involve the use of one or more of magnetic, electric, audio fields.

[http://iceagefarmer.com/docs/Electroculture/Electro-Culture-%20Stimulation%20of%20plant%20g...with%20electricity,%20magnetism,%20sound,%20&c.pdf This primer] is really the best place to start, it's quite inclusive.

= Electrical =

== DC ==

There are some reports of increased germination and/or growth during/after exposure to slight (+6v, +12v) DC fields.

I am [[Experiment:MoringaElectroculture|putting this to the test]].

http://www.all-science-fair-projects.com/projectpics/00390/b1.gif

=== Seed Pre-treatment ===

I've also seen suggestions that electricity should be applied to the seeds before planting. This [http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/03/30/stories/08300009.htm Indian study involving pre-treating seeds with 240v AC(!), then 27v DC] - improving germination, drastically increasing growth.

= Magnetic =

* See the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1y8X4XoP4c research of Ching-Jen Chen].

I haven't explored these, but they seem promising. This may be part of what's involved with the [[Pyramids]].

= Audio =

As a musician, I attacked this first: see [[Sonic Bloom]]. However, as I've noted in that article, I'm no longer terribly confident in its efficacy.

There is more to this than the Sonic Bloom frequencies however.

* [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14219271-500-good-vibrations-give-plants-excitations/ Joel Sternheimer's amino-producing frequencies]
** [http://whozoo.org/mac/Music/samples.htm mp3s of certain protein/amino acids]

= Orgone =

* [http://orgone-art.all4orgone.com/anglais/visibleeffectgarden2.htm One example]

= References =

* [http://iceagefarmer.com/docs/Electroculture/IowaState%20-%20Effects%20of%20various%20electrical%20fields%20on%20seed%20germination.pdf Iowa State's study on effects of electrical fields on seed germination]
* [http://iceagefarmer.com/docs/Electroculture/Electro-Culture-%20Stimulation%20of%20plant%20g...with%20electricity,%20magnetism,%20sound,%20&c.pdf Great primer, mentioned above, very inclusive]
* [http://iceagefarmer.com/docs/Electroculture/elcult1.pdf Collection of Electroculture research] (just some PDF!)
* [http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/03/30/stories/08300009.htm Indian study involving pre-treating seeds with 240v AC(!), then 27v DC] - improving germination, drastically increasing growth

* [http://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/09/science/electricity-may-play-role-in-plant-growth.html Electricity May Play Role in Plant Growth] 1985 NY Times
* [https://ia801406.us.archive.org/16/items/electrohorticult00hullrich/electrohorticult00hullrich.pdf ELECTRO-HORTICULTURE(1898)]
* [http://electricfertilizer.com/ ElectricFertilizer.com] Various examples of success, mixed levels of details but still a decent resource.

Wind Generator

2017-10-08T03:56:26Z

ZeroDivide32:

==Wind Generator==

Things to think about:
* Great when combined with solar. Wind can blow at night!
* Obviously, wind is needed..
* On the other end of the spectrum, too much wind can tear a unit apart. A unit may need to be taken down if gale force winds or stronger are expected. Be aware of the limits of any unit you invest in!
* Can easily use a DC motor. (easier setup, but will most likely be a brushed motor. This means after so many rotations, the brushes will need to be changed. This applies to any/all DC brushed motors, however in this use-case of energy generation, one needs to be aware of this consumable part!)

A major point that should be considered is the concept of "cloud anchors"[https://www.sott.net/article/363866-Global-wind-speeds-slowing-since-1960-but-nobody-knows-why] and increased cloud cover during the GSM. This could potentially translate to decreasing winds.

===Common units available for home use===

Smaller turbines can be acquired below the $1,000 mark that are capable of producing 300w~900W (at 12v-24v).

{|
|-
| [[File:Windgen_300w_vert_1.jpg|240|thumb|[http://www.ebay.com/itm/DC-12V-300W-Vertical-Spiral-Wind-Power-Turbine-Generator-with-Charge-Controller/263181916763 Vertical spiral soft fin design]]]
| [[File:Windgen_400w_threeblade.jpg|240|thumb|[http://www.ebay.com/itm/NEW-400W-Wind-Turbine-Generator-24-V-3-Blade-Power-Supply-Charge-Controller-US-/192265145873 400w/12v traditional design]]]
| [[File:Windgen_300w_round_fiveblade.jpg|240|thumb|[http://www.ebay.com/itm/300W-12V-5-Blades-Vertical-Axis-Wind-Turbine-Generators-VAWT-Charge-Controller-/272866697051 300w flag-pole turbine]]]
|-
| [[File:Windgen_CuttingEdge_12v_pipemounted.png|240|thumb|[http://www.ebay.com/itm/Mini-12-Volt-Wind-Turbine-Kit-Portable-or-Stationary-w-battery-small-Made-in-USA-/192263520558 Small 12v pipe-mount turbine]]]
| [[File:Windgen_toy.jpg|240|thumb|[http://www.ebay.com/itm/282488024991 Micro-turbine for small toy motor]]]

|}

==Charge Controllers==

===Micro Wind Farm===
any real-world examples of chaining the smaller home units?
TODO: chaining toy turbines for small-battery charging.

[[Category:Energy]]

Wind Generator

2017-10-07T04:44:09Z

2017-09-16T02:18:28Z

ZeroDivide32: Created page with "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=deCzUOZyII8 5-Minute Soup Can Stove]"

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=deCzUOZyII8 5-Minute Soup Can Stove]

LED Grow Light

2017-09-10T03:12:08Z

ZeroDivide32:

This page is intended to be a guide for acquiring LED grow lights without breaking the bank.

==Color and frequency ranges of interest==

==Building your own==

Tool to determine required source voltage based on LED attributes & count: [http://led.linear1.org/led.wiz LED calculator]

[[File:Bridgelux-3w-full-spectrum-led-diode.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Bridgelux pins]]

[[Category:Indoor Growing]]
[[Category:Electronics]]

File:Bridgelux-3w-full-spectrum-led-diode.jpg

2017-09-10T03:08:16Z

ZeroDivide32:

LED Grow Light

2017-09-09T23:37:31Z

ZeroDivide32: /* Removed double heading */

LED Grow Light

2017-09-08T22:34:53Z

ZeroDivide32:

=LED Grow Lights=

This page is intended to be a guide for acquiring LED grow lights without breaking the bank.

==Color and frequency ranges of interest==

==Building your own==

Tool to determine required source voltage based on LED attributes & count: [http://led.linear1.org/led.wiz LED calculator]

[[Category:Indoor Growing]]
[[Category:Electronics]]

LED Grow Light

2017-09-08T22:33:50Z

ZeroDivide32: /* LED Grow Lights init-page */

Useful Proverbs

2017-09-01T16:39:45Z

ZeroDivide32: Created page with "==Weather Related== ''Fair on September first,'' ''Fair for the month.'' –proverb (Old Farmer's Almanac) Category:History"

==Weather Related==

''Fair on September first,''
''Fair for the month.''
–proverb (Old Farmer's Almanac)

[[Category:History]]

Iodine

2017-08-31T19:29:17Z

ZeroDivide32: /* Iodine */ Added link to an article with excellent history & usage

Iodine

2017-08-31T18:59:12Z

ZeroDivide32: /* Iodine init-page */

==Iodine==

If ye don’t know where, what, and why Prescribe ye then K and I. ''-Old medical school rhyme''

[[Category:Medical]]
[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Alternative Remedies]]

Colloidal Silver

2017-08-31T16:56:18Z

ZeroDivide32: /* Uses / Testimonials */ Link to public forum on meso-brand colloids + personal testimony of family member

Colloidal Silver

2017-08-30T14:43:04Z

ZeroDivide32: /* Uses / Testimonials */ Added link to a long list of public testimony ranging from ~1900 to present, most with references/newspaper source

Colloidal Silver

2017-08-30T04:18:31Z

ZeroDivide32: /* Background/History */